LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

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.¥3 i VAUGHAN'S 

Carding Lessons 




a 



For the Mill Boy'' 



BY 



M. H. VAUGHAN 

HUNTSVILLE, ALA. 
1905 




Class : p ^'sill 
Book V S 



GpiglttN". 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSrr. 



Faugh an s Carding Lessons 



4* 



"For the Mill Boy 



4? 



PRICE POSTPAID 

$1.23 Per Copy 



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BY 
M. H. VAUGHAN 

Huntsville, Ala. 
1905 



5? 



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Two Copies rieCSivej 

JUN 13 J ^05 

QuuyriKiit ^.iiry 



Copyright I go 5 



MAT HIS H. FAUGH AN 



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CONTENTS 



PAGE 

Chapter 1.— The first principles in, mechanical arithmetic 

as applied to belts and pulleys 2 

Chapter 2. —The first principles in mechanical arithmetic 

as applied to gears and worm gears 3 

Chapter 3.— A combination of gears, pulleys and belts. . . 4 

Chapter 4. —Belts and pulleys as applied to line shafting 

and picker beater pulley 7 

Chapter 5.— Finding the length of the lap and the draft 

of the picker 11 

Chapter 6. —Getting the speed of card comb from the 

line shafting, also the speed of the doff er and licker-in 14 

Chapter 7. — The draft and draft constant, also production 

of the card 17 

Chapter 8. — Speed production draft and draft constant, 

with other calculations on the drawing frame 19 

Chapter 9. — Drafts between all of the bottom rollers on 

the drawing frame 22 

Chapter 10. — Hank roving; how it is figured by the card 

drawing sliver, also roving 24 

Chapter 11.— Speed of slubber shaft spindle and draft. 

Twist constant, also other calculations on the slubber 26 

Chapter 12. — Intermediate twist constant, production of 
one spindle, also production of a number of frames. 
The tension gear and the rule to get the number of 
coils per inch for hank roving 29 

Chapter 13.— Draft constant on the fine roving frame, 

also twist constant, and many other calculations 32 

Chapter 14. — What one tooth change at any preceding 
process will effect the hank roving of the fine frame 
frame 34 

Chapter 15. — How to figure the weight of lap to produce 
a certain hank roving at the fine frame, also the 
weight per yard at any process to produce any hank 
roving 37 

Chapter 16.— Care of the card licker-in 42 



PREFACE 



After writing for several years for different 
textile papers on calculations in the carding room, 
I have written a series of articles on calculations for 
the mill boy whose educational facilities are limited. 
Knowing the value of such information from my own 
experience as a mill boy I have decided to put them 
in book form. 

I have made every effort to make this work 
so simple that with a knowledge of the four ground 
rules of arithmetic most all of the problems can be 
solved. The repetition of the draft and the twist 
constant is intended to make them more simple for 
the learner. 

M. H. VAUGHAN 
Huntsville, Ala., Oct. 31, 1904. 



CHAPTER I. 



The first principles ii\ mechanical aLrithmetic as 
applied to belts and pulleys. 

In the figure given below, A represents a pulley on the 
main line of shafting, B is a pulley on the countershaft. A 
is 36 inches in diameter, B is 18. If the pulley A makes 
250 revolutions per minute, how many revolutions will B 
make? 




A boy in his first conception of figuring speed of pulleys 
is naturally inclined to the idea that the circumference of 
the pulley A should be multiplied by its revolutions, and this 
product divided by the circumference of the counter pulley 
B. This would give the revolutions correctly, but for prac- 
tical purposes we take the diameter instead of the circum- 
ference. Multiply the diameter of A, which is 36 inches, 
by 250 revolutions of A. 

36X250=9000. 
Divide this product by the diameter of B, which is 18 
inches. 

9000--18^500. 
revolutions of the counter pulley. Putting B on main line 
and A on the counter will make B the driver and A the 
driven. Then if B makes 250 revolutions, what will A make 
per minute? Multiply diameter of B by the revolutions of 
main shaft. 

250X18=4500. 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 



Divide this product by 36, the diameter of A, 

4500^36=125, 
the revolutions of the counter shaft. 

If we have a pulley on main shaft 36 inches in diameter 
making 250 revolutions per minute and wish the counter 
shaft to make 400 revolutions per minute, what diameter of 
pulley will be required on the counter shaft? Multiply rev- 
olutions of main shaft by the diameter, 36 inches. 

250X-'^6=9000. 
Divide this product by the revolutions we wish the counter 
shaft to make per minute, 

9000--400r=22.5 
diameter in inches of the pulley required. If we have a pul- 
ley 30 inches in diameter on the counter shaft which we wish 
to make 160 revolutions per minute, what diameter of pul- 
ley will be required on the main line, which makes 250 rev- 
olutions per minute ? Multiply the revolutions of the counter 
shaft by the diameter of the pulley, 
30X160=4800. 
Divide this product by the revolutions of main shaft, 

4800^-250=19.2, 
diameter in inches of the pulley required on main line. If 
the 36 inch pulley on main shaft makes 250 revolutions per 
minute, how many feet will the belt travel in the same time ? 
In this case we shall have to get the circumference of the 36 
inch diameter pulley. The rule for this is to multiply the 
diameter of the pulley by 3.1416, which is the constant for 
figuring the circumference by the diameter and has four 
figures to the right hand of the decimal point. We get the 
circumferance as follows: Multiply 

3.1416X36=113.0976 
inches around the pulley. Multiply this product by the rev- 
olutions per minute of the pulley, 

250X113.0976=28274.4 
inches of travel; divide this product bj^ 12 and the quo- 
tient will be feet. 

28274.4^12=2356.2. 
Knowing the circumference of a pulley we find the diam- 
eter by dividing by the 3.1416. Take the circumference. 

113.0976--3.1416=36 
inches in diameter. 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 



Now add two more pulleys to the first. In the following 
example A is on the main line of shafting, B and C are on 
the same counter shaft and D is on a counter shaft. A and 
C are drivers, B and D are driven. A is 24, B is 15, C 23 




and D 8 inches in diameter. If A makes 250 revolutions per 
minute, what will D make in the same time'? To show the 
principle of figuring this example, we will work it by the 
single rule of three. Multiply A by the revolutions of 
main line, 

250X24=6000. 
divide this product by B, 

6000-^15=400. 
revolutions counter shaft. Multiply this by the pulley C, 
which is 23 inches in diameter, 

400X23=9200. 
Divide by the pulley D, 8 inches in diameter, 

9200--8=llo0, 
revolutions of pulley D per minute. 

The rule for these examples is, multiply the revolutions 
of main shaft per minute and all the drivers together for 
a dividend and all of the driven for a divisor, as follows: 
250X24X23=138000, then 15X8=120, and 138000--J 20=1150 
revolutions of pulley D. 
Then the statement should be : 

250X24X23 

=1150. 

15X8 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 



CHAPTER II. 



The first prmciples in mecKanicad aLfithmetic as 
applied to gears and worm gears. 

A is a gear wheel on a shaft making 160 revolutions pei 
minute and has 44 teeth, and B has 26 teeth. 




How many revolutions will B make in the same time? A is a 
driver and B a driven. Multiply the number of teeth in 
A by the revolutions and divide this product by the number 
of teeth in B. 
160X44=7040. 7040-f-26=270.76 revolutions per minute of B. 

If B is a driver and makes 250 revolutions per minute, 
what will A make ? Multiply B by its revolutions and divide 
this product by A. 
250X26=6500. 6500-^-44=147.72, revolutions of gear A. 

If A makes 175 revolutions per minute and has 44 teeth 
and we wish to make 220 revolutions in the same time, how 
many teeth will be required in B? 

175X44=7700. Divide this by revolutions of B. 7700-=-220=35 
teeth required in B. 

Gear wheels are figured the same as pulleys, except we 
take the number of teeth instead of the diameter. 

In the next train of gears, intermediate or carrier gears 
like B that merely transmit the power from A to C are not 
considered in figuring the speed. 

If A makes 150 revolutions per minute, what will C make 
in the same time? Multiply the number of teeth in A by 
its revolutions. 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 



150X42=6300. Divide this product by teeth in C. 6300-5-24= 
262,5, revolutions of C. 
If C makes 180 revolutions per minute, what will A make ? 




180X24=4320. 4320-^-42=102.85. 
Will now add two more gears to the first example. If the 
power is applied to A, A and C are drivers and B and D 
are driven, but if the power is applied to D then D and B 
are drivers and C and A are driven. 




A is a driver and makes 250 revolutions per minute, what 
will D make in the same time 1 Mutliply the number of teeth 
in all of the drivers, together with the revolutions of A for 
a dividend. 

200X80X70=1120000. 
Multiply the number of teeth in all of the driven together 
for a divisor, 

40X24=960. 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING I^HSSONS 



then divide the product of the drivers by the driven. 

1120000^960=1166.66 

revolutions of D per minute. This example should be stated 

and worked out as follows: 

200X80X70 

=1166.66. 

40X24 

We sometimes have an example to work out like the fol- 
lowing. In this case A is a driver, B and C are intenned- 
iate carriers used to transmit the power from A to D and 
are not taken into account in figuring the speed of D from 
A; and in this example we only take the number of teeth 
in D as follows: A is a driver and makes 175 revolutions 
per minute. What will D make in the same time ? 




175X24 

=105 revolutions of D. 

40 

We will make D a driver which will make 120 revolutions 
per minute. What will A make in the same time ? 
120X40 

=200 revolutiona of A. 

24 

If A has 24 teeth and makes 240 revolutions per minute 
and we wish D to make 180 in the same time, how many teeth 
will be required in D ? 

240X24 

=32. 

180 

It happens frequently that we have worm gears to figure. 
A is a worm, B the worm gear and C is a counter gear. If 
A makes 308 revolutions per minute, what will C makef In 
the statement of this example, if the worm is single thread- 
ed put 1 in its place, or if double put 2 in its place. In this 
example the worm is single. 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 



^ORM 




308X1 

^=14, revolutions of C. 

22 

If A makes 440 revolutions per minute, what will B make ! 

440X1 



■3=15, revolutions of B, 



36 

If A is double threaded and makes 216 revolutions per 

minute, what will B make? 

216X2 

=12, revolutions of B. 

36 

The rule is, divide the revolutions of the worm, if single- 
threaded, by the number of teeth in the worm gear. If 
double, multiply the revolutions of the worm by 2 and divide 
this product by the number of teeth in worm gear. 



CHAPTER III 



A combination of belts, pulleys aivd gears. 

This example is a combination of belt pulleys and gears. 
A is a 36-inch diameter pulley on the main line of shafting 
which revolves 350 times per minute. How many revo- 
lutions will gear D with 42 teeth make in the same time "? 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING IvESSONS 




A is a driver, B is driven 24 inches in diameter, C is a 
driver with 18 teeth and D is a driven with 42 teeth. 
Example: 350X36X18 



-=225. 



42X24 
Suppose D 42 teeth to be a driver which makes 160 revo- 
lutions per minute, what will A make ? 
Example: 160X42X24 

=248.88. 

36X18 

If the line of shafting makes 350 revolutions at A and we 
wish the gear D to make 180, what diameter of pulley will 
be required at A? In this case D is a driver, so we put the 
revolutions of line shaft in place of A in the example, as 
follows : 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 



180X42X24 

=28.8. 

350X18 
To show the principle of the solution we will solve it by 
the single rule of three and make D a driver. Multiply the 
number of teeth in D by its revolutions per minute, which 
is 180. 

180X42=7560. 
Divide this product by C, which has 18 teeth. 

7560-j-18=420. 
revolutions of pulley B. Next multiply pulley B, which is 
24 inches in diameter, by its revolutions per minute which 
is 420. 

420X24=10080. 
Divide this product by the revolutions of the line shafting, 
which is 350. 

10080h-350=28.8, 

diameter of pulley required on main line. 

The rule to solve these examples is the double rule of 
three, and the statement should be made by cause and effect. 
In the first example in this article pulley A on the main 
line of shafting is the prime driver, or where the power is 
first applied. The revolutions of this pulley is a cause, the 
diameter is a cause and pulley B is an effect. Gear C is a 
cause and gear D is an effect. If the power is first applied 
to B and C, then they become drivers and B is a cause and 
C is a cause, then A is an effect and so is D. I mention the 
cause and effect because the learner will more readily under- 
stand which terms to place in the dividend and the divisor. 
In making the statement of the example we should know 
that all of the drivers are causes and the driven are the 
effects of the drivers either in a train of belts and pulleys 
or gears. The revolutions of the main driving pulley is 
in all cases a cause and so is the diameter of this pulley. 
And to make the statement more plain will say that the rev- 
olutions of A is the first cause, the diameter of A is the sec- 
ond cause and gear C the third cause. Then pulley B will 
be the first effect and D the second effect. In making the 
statement draw a horizontal line and place the causes above 
and effects below the line, thus: 

Causes, 350X36X18 



Effects, 42X24 



10 VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 



CHAPTER IV. 



Belts and pulleys as applied to line shafting a^nd 
picker beater pulley. 

The three preceding lessons given cover the ground rules 
for figuring all pulleys and speeds in the mill, and the mill 
boys who have learned all of the rules and have become fa- 
miliar with the solution of the examples are now prepared 
to go with us into the picker room where the next lesson 
will be given by solving several speed and pulley examples. 




A is the driving pulley on main line shaft, which makes 
240 revolutions per minute, C and B are on the counter shaft 
of the picker and D is the beater pulley. The diameter of 
each pulley is marked in inches. What speed will the beater 
run? 

240X40X36 

^1440 revolutions of beater per minute. 

24X10 
Suppose we wish the beater to make 1,400 revolutions per 
minute, what diameter of pulley will be required at A? 
1400X10X24 

=38.88, diameter of pulley at A. 

36X240 

In this example the beater pulley D becomes a driver. The 
learner must not become confused because in the first ex- 
ample the beater pulley is a driven and in this one it is a 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 11 

driver, for if we get the revolutions per minute of the count- 
er shaft on which B and C are fixed, and figure from C to D, 
C is a driver and D is a driven, or if we figure from B to 
A, B is a driver and A is a driven. In this case B and C 
are both drivers. 

In the last example we know the revolutions of the beater 
to be 1,400 and start from this point. Remember that the 
pulley from which we start to figure the revolutions becomes 
the first cause and its diameter the second cause, which 
makes it a driver. It makes no difference whether we figure 
from the main line or from the beater pulley. For instance, 
take the first example and find the revolutions of the beater, 
knowing the main line to make 240 per minute. 

240X40X36 

=1440 revolutions of beater. 

24X10 

On the other hand, knowing the revolutions of the beater 

we make it a driver and find the revolutions per minute of 

the main line.. 

1440X10X24 

=240 revolutions of main line shaft. 

36X40 

On the beater shaft there is a fan pulley 5 inches in 
diameter, and on the fan shaft is one 8 inches and the line 
shaft makes 240, what will the fan make per minute ? 

240X40X36X5 



r900. 



24X10X8 

If it is desired to run the beater at 1,200 revolutions per 
minute instead of 1,440 by making the beater pulley larger, 
what diameter will be required with the conditions the same 
as in the first example? 

240X40X36 

=12 inches diameter of pulley. 

24X1200 

If one picker with a 5-inch diameter feed pulley keeps laps 
for 11 cards and we add one more card, what diameter of 
feed pulley will be required for the 12 cards f 

5X12 

=-5.45 inches diameter. 

11 

If one picker keeps laps for 12 cards with a 6-inch feed 



12 VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 

pulley and we wish to cut down the feed so it will keep 
up for 10 cards, what diameter of feed pulley will be re- 
quired ? 

6X10 

=5 inch feed pulley. 

12 



CHAPTER V. 



Fiading the length of the la^p aivd the draft of the 
picker. 

Will figure the length of the lap from gears on the Kitson 
picker each having the following number of teeth: Knock- 
off gear 60, knock-off driver 18, worm gear 35, worm No. 1 
calender gear 80, drop shaft gear 13, opposite end of drop 
shaft 14, large lap roller driver 73, small driver 18, lap roller 
gear 37, diameter of lap roller 9 inches. Example : 

60X35X80X14X18 

=66.98 revolutions of lap roller. 

18X 1X13X73X37 

Multiply this product by the circumference in inches of 
the 9-inch lap roller, which is 28.27 inches. 
66.98X28.27=1893.52. 
Divide this product by 36 inches and the quotient will be 
yards in the length. 

1893.52^36=52.59 

In rolling the lap up under the heavy pressure it stretches 
the lap and it will be longer than it figures. To make up for 
this we add 4 per cent, to the figured length which will be 
2.10+52.59=54.69 yds., length of lap. 
If a 60-tooth knock-ff gear gives 54.69 yards, what num- 
ber will be required to give 48 yards ? 
60X48 



r=52.47 teeth. 



54.69 

Will figure the draft of the picker from the following 
gears and diameters: 

(1) (2) (3) (4) 

9X14X39X85X3XX54X30X14X14X18 



37X73X76X24X40X10^1X20X26X1.81 
(5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 

Performing these operations of multiplication and divis- 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 13 

ion we obtain for a result 4.18 draft. 

The figures above and below the fraction are explained 
as follows: 

1. Diameter of lap calender, 

2. Worm Gear. 

3. Diameter of cone. 

4. Feed roller gear. 

5. Lap calender gear. 

6. Draft gear. i 

7. Diameter of cone drum, ' 

8. Worm, 

9. Diameter of feed Roller. 

These gears and diameters are taken direct from the pick- 
er as it is made at present. In figuring the draft of any ma- 
chine, if the feed or back roller and front or lap calender 
were of the same diameter we should leave them out of the 
calculation. The learner will get confused as to where to put 
the diameter of these two rollers in the example. On the 
picker the front roller is larger than the back and in this case 
the larger the front and smaller the back roller the more 
draft it gives. Therefore we put front roller diameter in 
the dividend and the back roller in the divisor. If the rollers 
were reversed so as to have the larger one in the back this 
would make a less draft. Then we should place the diam- 
eter of the two rollers in the example the same way as men- 
tioned above, but most machines in the cotton mill have the 
front roller larger than the back one. 

In figuring for the draft constant, we take the above ex- 
ample and leave out the draft gear, which has 24 teeth. A 
short way to get the draft on the picker is to get the revo- 
lutions per minute of the feed and lap calender rollers. 
Multiply each diameter by its revolutions and divide the 
larger by the smaller product, as follows: Diameter of feed 
roller 1.81 inches, revolutions per minute 7, diameter lap 
calender 9 inches, revolutions 5.89. 

1 .81X7=12.67. 9X5.89=53.01. 
This product. 53.01-^12.67=4.183, draft. 

There is another way to get the draft. If there are 4 laps 
on the feed apron, get the ounces per yard of one, multiply 
the ounces in one yard by four, and divide by the ounces per 
yard of the finished lap. Any of these methods are near 
enough for practical purposes. 



14 



VAUGHAN^S CARDING LESSONS 



CHAPTER VI. 



Getting the speed of card comb from the line shaft- 
iti^, also speed of the doffer and Hcker-in. 

A is a pulley on line shaft making 275 revolutions and 12 
inches in diameter. B is a pulley 20 inches in diameter on 
the card cylinder shaft. If line shaft makes 275 revolutions 
per minute what will the cylinder make in the same time? 
Example : 

275X12 

^165, revolutions of cylinder. 

20 




If A makes 275, what will D make in the same time? 
Example : 

275X12X18 

=495, revolutions of pulley D. 

20X6 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING I.ESSONS 15 

If A makes 275, what will F make in the same time? 
Example : 

275X12X18X12 



-1485 revolutions of F, 



20X6X4 
A is on the line shaft, B is a pulley on card cylinder shaft, 
D and E are doffer comb pulleys, and binder F is a comb 
pulley. In practice where the V-grooved pulleys and the 
round bands are used, one diameter of the band should be 
added to the diameter of each pulley as the center of the 
band governs the speed of the pulleys. Will figure the 
speed of the doffer from main line from the following pul- 
leys and gears: Line shaft 275 revolutions per minute, di- 
ameter of pulley on line shaft 12 inches, pulley on card 
cylinder 20 inches, licker-in driver on cylinder shaft 18 
inches, licker-in pulley 7 inches, barrow pulley driver on 
licker-in 4 inches, barrow pulley 18 inches, doffer change 
gear 28 teeth, doffer gear 214 teeth. Example: 

275X12X18X4X23 

:=12.38 

20X7X18X214 

Find the constant divisor from the following: Doffer gear 
214 teeth, leave out the doffer change gear, barrow pulley 
18 inches, small pulley on licker-in 4 inches, large pulley 
on same 7 inches, cylinder pulley 18 inches, revolutions of 
cylinder 165. Example : 
214X18X7 



^2.269 



165X18X4 

Dividing the number of teeth in the doffer change gear by 

2.269 will give the revolutions of the doffer per ininute. 

How many revolutions per minute will a 28-tooth gear give 

the doffer? Example: 

28.000^2.269^12.33 

revolutions of the doffer per minute. 

If a 28-tooth doffer change gear gives 12.33 revolutions 

per minute, what will 30 give ? Example : 

12.33X30 

=13.21 revolutions of doffer. 

28 

If a 30-tooth gear gives 13.21 revolutions per minute, what 
will 22 teeth give*? Example: 



16 VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 

13.21X22 

=9.68 revolutions 

30 

If the cylinder makes 165 revolutions per minute and the 
doffer makes 12 revolutions per minute, how many inches 
of cylinder surface will pass one inch of doffer surface, the 
cylinder being 50 inches and doffer 27 inches in diameter? 
We first get the circumference of cylinder, 157 inches, and 
doffer, 84.8 inches, and multiply the circumference of each 
by its revolutions per minute. Cylinder 

157X165=25905. Doffer 12X84.8=1017.6 

inches of surface speed. Take surface speed of the doffer 
from the cylinder, 

25905—1017.6=24887.4, 

pud divide this product by the surface speed of the doffer, 

24887.4 

=24.45, 

1017.6 

the number of inches of cylinder surface that would pass 

one inch of doffer surface. 

If the doffer makes 12 revolutions per minute, what will 

the feed roller make in the same time with the following 

gears, — gear on doffer pulley 45 teeth, gear on side shaft 

doffer end 40, draft gear 20, feed roller gear 120 teeth? 

Example : 

12X45X20 



-=2.25 revolutions feed 



40X120 
If cylinder makes 165 revolutions per minute, what will 
the licker-in make in the same time with the following pul- 
leys, — cylinder pulley 18 inches, licker-in pulley 7 inches 
in diameter? 

165X18 

=424.2 revolutions of licker-in. 

7 

With the licker-in making 424.2 and the feed roller 2.25 
revolutions per minute, how many inches of licker-in surface 
will pass one inch of feed roller surface? The licker-in 
is 9 inches and feed roller 2.25 inches in diameter, circum- 
ference of licker-in 28.27 inches, circumference of feed rol- 
ler 7.06 inches. Multiply each circumference by its revo- 
lutions. 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 17 

Licker-in 28.27X424.2=11992.13 inches of surface. Speed of 
licker-in 2.25X7.06=15.88 inches of surface speed of roller. 
Divide licker-in surface speed by the feed roller speed. 
11992.13 



=755.17. 



15.88 
The quotient is the number of inches of licker-in surface 
that would pass on one inch of stock delivered. 



CHAPTER Vll. 



The dr^Lft ^nd droAt coAstaLi\t, also production of 
the card. 

Get the draft of the card from the following gears. The 
card is the Pettee make with the twenty-seven inch diameter 
doffer, coiled calender roller 2 inches diameter, feed roller 
bevel gear 120 teeth, gear on side shaft doffer end 40 teeth, 
doffer gear 214 teeth, gear on card calender roller driver coiler 
27 teeth, feed roller diameter 2.25 inches, draft gear 20 teeth, 
gear on doffer pulley 45, card calender roller gear 21 teeth, gear 
on coiler upright shaft 17 teeth. Example : 

2X120X40X214X27 

=76.73 draft 

2.25X20X45X21X17 

Get the draft constant with the same conditions as the 
last example with the draft gear left out 
2X120X40X214X27 



=1534.56 draft constant. 



2.25XXX45X21X17 

Divide the constant by the number of teeth in the draft 
gear, the quotient will be the draft of the card; or divide 
the constant by the draft of the card and the quotient will 
be the number of teeth in the draft gear. 

What is the production of the card with doffer making 
12 revolutions per minute and the sliver weighing 50 grains 
per yard? First get the revolutions of the coiler calender 
roller by the following gears: Revolutions of doffer 12, 
doffer gear 214, card calender roller 21 teeth, card calender 
roller that drives coiler 23 teeth, gear on coiler upright shaft 
17 teeth, gear on top upright coiler shaft 21 teeth, coiler 



18 VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 

calender gear 18 teeth, diameter of coiler calender roller 2 
inches. Example : 

12X214X23X21 



:193 revolutions of 



21X17X18 
calender roller per minute. The circumferance of the roller 
is 6.28 inches. Multiply this by the revolutions per minute 

193X6.28=1212 
inches of sliver delivered per minute. Multiply this by 60 
minutes, 

1212X60^=72720 inches in one hour. 

Divide this by 36 inches in a yard. 

72720^36=2020 yards per hour. 
Multiply yards per hour by 50 grains sliver. 
2020X50=101,000 grains. 
Divide this by 7,000 grains in a pound. 

101,000^7000=14.42 lbs. per hour. 
Multiply by 11 hours, 14.42X11=158.62 

pounds per day, nothing deducted for stoppage. 

A short way to get the production of a card is to multi- 
ply the revolutions of the doffer per minute by the weight 
in grains of one yard of card silver, for the 24 inches di- 
ameter of doffer divide by 5.49 and for the 27 inch diameter 
by 4.57, which will come near enough for all practical pur- 
poses. Will take a 24 inch doffer making 12 revolutions per 
minute with a sliver weighing 60 grains. 

12X60 

=131.14 lbs. per day. 

5.45 

Or take 27 inch doffer making 13 revolutions per minute 
and a 54 grain sliver. 

13X54 

=153.61 lbs. per day. 

4.57 

If one yard of lap weighs 12 ounces and one yard of dof- 

fer sliver weighs 50 grains, what draft has the card? One 

ounce contains 437.5 grains 

437.5X12=5250 grains. 

Divide by the 50 grains sliver. 

5250^50=105, draft of card. 

There is nothing allowed for waste. If the lap weighs 12 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING I.BSSONS 19 

ounces per yard and the draft of the card is 85, what will 
the sliver weigh in grains ? 

437.5X12=5250. 
Divide this by the draft of the card 

5250--85=61.76. 
grains per yard of sliver. If the card has a draft of 95 
and the card sliver weighs 54 grains, what weight of lap per 
yard will be required? Multiply the weight of sliver in 
grains by the card draft and divide by the grains in one 
ounce. 

54X95=5130.0-^437.5=11.72 ozs. per yard of lap. 



CHAPTER VIIL 



Speed production, dra.ft, a^nd draft constdLivt, with 
other calculations on the drawing frame. 

On the line shaft is a pulley 11 inches in diameter making 
280 revolutions per minute, on the main drawing shaft is 
a pulley sixteen inches in diameter, the pulley on the same 
shaft that drives the front roller is 16 inches in diameter 
and on the front roller is a pulley 10 inches in diameter. 
What speed will the front roller make per minute? Ex- 
ample : 

280X11X16 

=308. 

16X10 

If the front roller makes 308 revolutions per minute, what 
will the production be per day with 54 grains per yard of 
drawing sliver? We get the revolutions of coiler calender 
roller which is two inches in diameter, gear on front roller 
20 teeth, coiler shaft 31 teeth, bevel gear on coiler shaft 18 
teeth, gear on upright 16 teeth, and the gears on top of up- 
right shaft and coiler calender have the same number of 
teeth. Example : 

208X20X18 

=223.5 revolutions of coiler calender per minute. 

31X16 

The circumferance of calender roll is 6.28 inches. Multi- 
ply this by the revolutions. 

223.5X6.28=1403.58 inches per minute. 



20 VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 

Multiply this by 60 minutes. 

1403.58X60=84214.8. 
Divide this by 36 inches. 

84214.8-^36=2339.3 yds. delivered per hour. 
Multiply yards per hour by 54 grains in one yard of 
sliver. 

2339.3X54=126322.2. 
Divide by 7,000 grains. 

126322.2^7000=18.046 pounds per hour. 
Multiply pounds per hour by 11. 

18.046X11=203 lbs. per day for one delivery of drawing. 
There should be about 20 per cent, deducted from the fig- 
ured pounds for stoppage. Find draft of the drawing from 
the following: Back roller gear 60 teeth, crown gear 100, 
gear on front roller 20, bevel gear on side shaft 18, bevel 
gear on top coiler upright 16, diameter of coiler 2 inches, 
draft change gear 45 teeth, gear on end of front roller 24, 
gear on end side shaft 32, bevel gear on bottom of coiler 
upright 16, bevel gear on coiler calender 16, diameter of 
back roller 1%. Change the diameter of the rollers to 
eighths of an inch which would be, back roller ll-8ths, cal- 
ender roller 16-8ths. Example: 

60X100X20X18X16X16 

=5.68 draft. 

45X24X32X16X16X11 

To get the draft constant we will use the same example 
as the above with the draft gear left out. Example : 

60X100X20X18X16X16 

=255.68 draft constant. 

24X32X16X16X11 

Divide the constant by the draft and the quotient will be 
the number of teeth in draft gear required; or divide by 
he teeth in the gear and the result will be the draft of the 
drawing. If the drawing sliver weighs 60 grains per yard 
with a 48 draft gear and we wish the sliver to weigh 54 
grains, what draft gear will be required? 

54X48 

=43.2. 

60 

If 45 draft gear makes sliver that weighs 50 grains per 
yard, what will 48-tooth draft gear make it weigh? 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 21 

50X48 

=53.33. 

45 

If there are six slivers up on the back of drawing with a 
44 draft gear on and we wish to take out one and have but 
five, and want the front sliver to weigh the same, what 
draft gear will be required? 

44X6 

=52.8 draft gear. 

5 

If the sliver from the coiler weighs 54 grains and the 

draft 5.5, what weight will be required per yard of each 

of the six slivers on the back? 

54X5.5 

=49.5 wt. of sliver on back. 

6 

If one yard of sliver on the back weighs 60 grains wdth 

six double and the drawing has a draft of 6.5, what will the 

sliver weigh per yard at the coiler? 

60X6 

=55.38. 

6.5 



22 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 



CHAPTER IX. 



DrdLfts between 8^11 of the bottom rollers on the 
draiwing fraLme. 




The above cut represents the four bottom rollers of the 
drawing frame with the diameter of the rollers and the 
number of teeth in each gear marked on them. They are 
taken from the catalogue and the diagram is given in order 
to figure the draft between each set of rollers. First get 
draft of the front and second roller. Example; 

32X37X11 

=-2.584. 

20X28X9 

Next get the draft between second and third. This is 

quite a long example as we figure from the third roller around 

through the draft gear to the second, and as each roller has 

the same diameter, leave them out of the example. 

20X24X60X100X20X28 

=1.732 draft. 

28X26X45X24X37X32 

Get the draft between third and back roller. 

26X28X9 
=1.240. 

20X24X11 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 23 

These three different drafts if run far enough into frac- 
tions should get the draft of the drawing when multiplied 
together. 

2.584X1.732X1.240=5.5496 draft. 

Wlill figure the draft from the front to the back roller. 
These rollers have the same diameter, so leave them out of 
the example and figure the gears only. Example: 

100X60 



i5.555. 



24X45 

If we were to run the fractions till there would be no re- 
mainder the draft in the two examples would be the same. 
Figure the draft between the front roller and the coiler 
calender from the following gears and diameters: Front 
roller 1% inches, diameter front roller gear 17 teeth, coiler 
shaft driver 31, gear on coiler shaft 18, gear on bottom of 
upright shaft 16, gear on top upright and calender have 
the same number of teeth, diameter of coiler calender 2 
inches. 

17X18X16 

=1.025 draft. 

31X14X11 

If a 30-tooth gear is put on side coiler shaft instead of the 
31, what draft will this give between the front and coiler 
calender rollers? 

17X18X16 

=1.059. 

30X14X11 

If the card sliver weighs 60 grains per yard and the first 
drawing doubled 6 times and the second 5 times, and we wish 
the finish drawing sliver to weigh 54 grains and wish each 
process to have the same draft, what will be the draft ? Mul- 
tiply the doublings at each back together, 
6X5=30. 
Multiply this product by 60 grains, 

30X60=1800. 
Divide last result by 54 grains, 

1800^54=33.33. 
Extract the square root of the last result: 
The square root of 33.33=5.773, 
draft oi each drawing frame. Will see how this example 



24 VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 

proves out. If the card sliver weights 60 grains, double 6 
into 1, draft 5.773, multiply sliver by doublings, 
60X6^=360. 

Divide by draft, 

360^5.773=62.359 

grains per yard from first drawing. Multiply this by 
doubling at back of second drawing, 

62.359X5=311.795 

Divide by draft, 

311.795--5.773=54 
weight of sliver from second drawing. 

As the next calculations will be on roving frames, the 
next lesson will be on hank roving. 



CHAPTER X. 



Hank roving; Kow it is figured by the card and 
drawing sliver, also roving. 

In cotton mill parlance, eight hundred and forty yards is 
denominated one hank, whether it be lap, card or drawing 
sliver, slubber or fine frame roving, or yarns, and the num- 
ber is fixed by the weight of one hank. If one hank weighs 
two pounds, it is one-half hank; if one pound, one hank, and 
if one-half pound, it is two hank. If twenty hanks of yarn weigh 
one pound, it is No. 20 yarn. Seven thousand grains make 
one pound avoirdupois weight, or is called one cotton pound. 
Divide 7,000 grains by 840 yards and it will give 8 1-3 grains 
per yard for one-hank roving or yarn, and the weight in 
grains of one yard of one-hank roving or yarn form the 
basis for calculating all*hank sliver, roving or yarn. 

It is not practical to reel off one hank of sliver or roving, 
but more convenient to take so many yards, twelve yards 
from each (this is the standard given by most books and 
catalogues in the tables for numbering roving), from four 
to eight bobbins and reel twelve yards from each and weigh 
each separately and add the weights together and the yards 
cf each together. The rule to find the hank is to multiply 
the number of yards of the several weighings by 8 1-3 for 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 25 

a dividervd, and take the grains of the several weighings 
added together for a divisor and the quotient will be the 
hank. Take four slubber bobbins and reel 12 yards from 
Bach. The first 12 yards weigh 202, the second 198, third 
199, fourth 201, what will be the hank roving? Example: 
12X4=48 yards 

Multiply the yards by grains per yard. 
81^X48=400, dividend 

Add the gi-ains of each weighing. Example: 
202-1-198+199+201=800, divisor 
Example: 400-^800=. 50 

hank roving which is one-half hank. Take 12 yards of slub- 
ber roving which weigh 180 grains, what hank is it? Ex- 
amx)le : 

12X8 1^=100-^180=. 555 hank 

Take four bobbins of intermediate roving and reel 12 
yards which weigh as follows in grains: 

85+88+84+86=343 grains. 

Yards, 12X4=48X8^=400-^343=1.166 hank. 

For 12 yards 100 is the constant dividend and for every 
12 yards added add one hundred to the dividend. If 48 
yards of roving weigh 130 grains, what will it hank? Ex- 
ample : 

48X8^=400^130=3 07. 

Where four bobbins are used to weigh from and 12 yards 
are taken from each the multiplication by 8 1-3 can be dis- 
pensed with by using 400 for the dividend; or if eight bob- 
bins are used 800 will be the dividend. If 12 yards from 
each of eight bobbins weigh 560 grains, what will it hank? 
800-^560=1.42 hank. 

If one yard of drawing sliver weighs 60 grains, what hank 
is it? Example: 

8>^-r-60=.138 hank 

If one yard of card sliver weighs 52 grains, what will be 
the hank? Example: 

8>^--52=.160. 

If four yards of card sliver weigh 220 grains, what will it 
hank ? Example : 



26 VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 

4X8K=33>^^220=.151 hank. 
If three-hank is wanted from fine frame, what hank will 
be required of two into one at the back with a draft of six? 
Example : 

3-^6=.50X2=1.00 one hank. 

Divide the draft by the hank and multiply the quotient 
by the doublings at the back. Take one-hank roving in the 
back with two into one and a draft of five, what will be the 
hank from fine frame? Example: 

1.00^-2=50X5.5=2.75 hank. 

In this case divide by the doublings at the back and multi- 
ply by the draft and the quotient will be the hank roving 
produced. If we have .60-hank at the back of the interme- 
diate and two into one, what draft will it take to produce 
1.20 hank? Example: 

1.20 

.60-^2=.30 =4 draft. 

.30 

If we have on the backs of the intermediate 48-hank and 

two into one and a draft of five, what hank will be produced ? 

Example : 

.48-^2=.24X5=1.20 hank. 

If one yard of drawing sliver weighs 60 gains, what hank 
is it? Example: 

8K--60=.138 hank. 

If at the back of the slubber we have .138-hank sliver, 
single, what hank roving will be produced with a draft of 
four ? Example : 

.138X4- .552 hank roving. 

The expression should be 

552 

hank 

1000 



CHAPTER XL 



Speed of slubber shaft, spmdie, and draft. Twist 
constant, also other calculations on the slubber 

The main line of shafting makes 290 revolutions per 
minute with a pulley 15 inches in diamter, which drives 
the main shaft of a slubber having a pulley 16 inches in 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING IvKSSONS 27 

diameter; how many revolutions will slubber shaft make 
per minute? Example: 

290X15 

=271.8 revolutions slubber shaft. 

16 

If the main line makes 290 revolutions per minute, what 
will the spindle make with the following pulleys and gears: 
Main shaft pulley 15 in., pulley on slubber shaft 16 in., gear 
on main slubber shaft 50 teeth, gear on end of spindle shaft 
46 teeth, gear on spindle shaft 55 teeth, gear on spindle 27 
teeth ? Example : 

290X15X50X55 

=601.77 revs, of spindle. 

16X46X27 

If the slubber is on one-half hank roving, requiring a 59 
twist gear and the spindle making 602 revolutions per min-^ 
ute, what will the front roller run from the following gears: 
Spindle gear 27 teeth, spindle shaft gear 55 teeth, gear on 
end of spindle shaft 46 teeth, gear on main shaft 50 teeth, 
twist gear 59 teeth, gear on top cone shaft 46 teeth, gear 
on cone shaft inside of head 71 teeth, front roller gear 130 
teeth ? Example : 

602X27X46X59X71 

=190.45 

55X50X46X130 

With the front roller making 190 revolutions per minute, 

what v/ill the back roller make in the same time with the 

following gears: Front roller gear 33 teeth, gear on stud 

100 teeth, draft gear 50 teeth, back roller gear 56 teeth? 

Example : 

190X33X50 

=:55.96 revolutions of back roller. 

100X56 

The front roller is 19-16 inches in diameter and makes 190 
revolutions, and the back roller is 1 inch in diameter and 
makes 55.96 revolutions, what draft will this give? Ex- 
ample : 

190X19 

=4.030 draft. 

55.96X16 

We will see how this will figure out by the rule to get the 
draft. Example : 



28 VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 

100X56X19 

=4.030 draft. 

83X50X16 

Rule : Multiply all of the drivens together with the diam- 
eter of front roller for a dividend, and all of the drivers 
with diameter of back roller for a divisor. The draft con- 
stant is figured by the same example with the draft gear 
left out. Example: 

100X56X19 



=201.515 constant. 



33X0X16 

Divide the constant by the draft desired and the quotient 
will be the number of teeth in draft gear, or divide by 
number of teeth in gear and the quotient will be the draft. 

How many turns will the spindle make to one of the front 
roller with the following gears : Front roller gear 130 teeth, 
cone shaft 71 teeth, center cone shaft 46 teeth, twist gear 
59 teeth, gear on main shaft 50 teeth, gear on end spindle 
shaft 46 teeth, gear on spindle shaft 55 teeth, gear on spin- 
dle 27 teeth ? Example : 

130X46X50X55 

=3.1638 turns of spindle to one of roller. 

71X59X46X27 

To get the turns of twist per inch divide the turns of the 
spindle to one turn of the front roller by the circumference 
of the front roller, which is 3.731 inches. Example: 

3.1638h-3.731=.847 turns per inch. 

To get the twist constant will use the above example with 

the twist gear left out and the circumference of the front 

roller put in its place. Example : 

130X46X50X55 

=49.9837, constant. 

71X3.731X46X27 

Divide constant by number of teeth in twist gear and the 
quotient will be turns per inch of twist in the roving, or 
divide by the number of turns of twist desired per inch and 
the quotient will give number of teeth in the twist gear. In 
figuring the draft gear to change from one hank to another. 
Rule: Multiply the number of teeth in draft gear on by 
the hank roving being made and divide by hank desired and 
the quotient will be the answer. 

If a draft gear with 50 teeth gives one-half hank roving^ 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING IvESSONS 29 

what number of teeth will it take to make .60 hank? Ex- 
ample : 

50X50 

=^41.6 draft gear 

.60 

Or if a .70 hank requires a 45 draft g«ar, what will .60 
hank require? Example: 

.70X45 



=52.5. 



.60 

To find the twist gear when changing from one hank to 
another. Rule: Square the twist gear on and multiply this 
product by the hank being made and divide by the hank to 
be made. Extract the square root of the last product and 
the quotient will be the number of teeth in twist gear de- 
sired. 

One-half hank has a twist gear with 59 teeth, what num- 
ber of teeth will it take for .60 hank ? Example : 

59X59X.50-^.60=V2900=53.5. 

Another rule is to multiply the gear in use by the square 
root of the roving being made and divide by the square root 
of the roving to be made. 



CHAPTER XII. 



lAtermediate twist constaivt, production of one 

spindle, also production of a number of 

frames. The tension gear and the 

rule to ^et the number of coils 

per inch for hank roving. 

The intermediate roving frames have the same size diam- 
eter of front and back rollers and the same draft gears, and 
the draft and draft constants are the same as the slubber. 
But there is some difference in the number of teeth in the 
gears from the top cone to the spindle, that makes a dif- 
ferent twist constant, which is figured by the following 
gears: Front roller gear 130 teeth, on end of cone shaft 
gear 71 teeth, gear in center of cone shaft 39 teeth, gear on 
main shaft 42 teeth, gear on end spindle shaft 35 teeth, 
gear on spindle shaft 44 teeth, spindle gear 23 teeth, cir- 
cumference of front roller 3.731 inches. Example: 



30 VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 

130X39X42X44 

=:43.937, twist const. 

71X5.731X35X23 

If the spindle makes 746 revolutions per minute, what will 
the front roller make with a 37 twist gear on, the other gears 
being as follows: Front roller 130 teeth, gear on end of 
cone shaft 71 teeth, gear at center of cone shaft 39 teeth, 
twist gear 37 teeth, gear on main shaft 42 teeth, gear on 
end of spindle shaft 35 teeth, gear on spindle shaft 44 teeth, 
spindle gear 23 teeth ^ Example : 

746X23X35X37X71 

=168.37 rev. of front roller. 

44X42X39X130 

If the front roller makes 168 revolutions per minute and 
the roving one hank, how many pounds Tvdll one spindle take 
o^ in ten hours if it is run without stopping, diameter of 
roller 1 3-16? Multiply the revolutions of the roller per 
minute by 60 minutes and by 10 hours and by the circum- 
ference of the roller. Example: 

168X60X10X3.731=376084.8. 

This product is inches which have been delivered in the 
ten hours, and we divide by 36 inches, which makes yards, 
and by 840, which makes hanks. Example: 
840X36X30240. 

Then divide. Example: 

376084.8^30240=12.43. 

Divide this product by the hank roving and the quotient 
will be pounds. The roving is one hank, which will make 
12.43 pounds in ten hours. To get the pounds per day taken 
off one frame, multiply the number of hanks registered by 
the indicator by the number of spindles on the frame and 
divide by the hank roving being made. Take a frame with 68 
spindle on 1.25 hank and run 12 hanks per day, what num- 
ber of pounds will be produced? Example: 

68X12 

=652.8 pounds. 

1.25 

Where there are several frames with the same number of 
spindles and on the same hank roving, take the number of 
hank run on all the frames and multiply by the number of 
spindles on one frame and divide by the hank roving made. 
Take 12 intermediate frames with 92 spindles on each mak- 
ing 1.40 hank, and all of the hanks from each added to- 
gether amounts to 132 hanks in one day, what is the produc- 
tion in pounds'? Example: 

132X92 

=8674.28 pounds. 

1.40 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING IvBSvSONS 31 

We get the lay gear constant as follows: Multiply the 
square root of the hank roving being made by the number of 
teeth in the lay gear in use. What is the lay constant with 
a 28 lay gear making 1.10 hank roving, the square root of 
1.10 hank^ being 1.049? Example: 

28X1-049=29.372, lay constant. 

If we change this frame onto 80 hank what lay gear will 
be required? Divide the lay constant by the square root of 
the hank to be made. The square root of .80 hank is .894. 
Example : 

29.372 

=32.85 lay gear. 

.894 

The tension gear is figured for the constant the same as 
the lay. To get the coils per inch to be laid on the bobbin for 
different hank roving, get the number of coils per inch on 
one hank that will make the best bobbin of roving, usually 
11 or 12. This number of layers per inch on one hank rov- 
ing forms the basis for figuring the coils per inch for all 
numbers or hank roving, and from the fact that the coarser 
the roving the smaller number of layers to the inch. Unlike 
the twist and lay gear, in which the coarser the roving the 
larger the gears, we reverse the terms in multiplying and di- 
viding. Rule: Multiply the coils per inch of the roving 
being made by the square root of the hank roving to be 
made and divide by the square root of the hank roving being 
made. If one hank roving has 11 coils per inch, what will 
be required for two hank? Example: 

11X1.4142 

=15.5562 coils per inch. 

1.000 

If one hank has 10 coils per inch, what will I/2 hank re- 
quire ? Example : 

10X.7071 

=7.07 coils for >^ hank. 

1.000 

If three hank has 17 coils per inch, what should six hank 
have? Example: 

17X2.4494 

=24.0414 coils per inch. 

1.7320 



32 VAUGHAN'S CARDING lyBSSONS 



CHAPTER XIII. 



Calculatioas on the Fine Roviag Frame, Which is 

the Biddeford, 3 1-2 inch Flyer by 8 

inch Traverse. 

The draft gears are the same as the slubber and interme- 
diate, but the front roller being smaller in diameter, the 
draft constant is different, and is figured as follows: Gear 
on front roller 33 teeth, gear on stud 100 teeth, draft leave 
out, back roller gear 56 teeth. Diameter of front roller 1^/^ 
or 18-16, back roller 1 inch or 16-16. Example: 
18X100X56 

=190.909 draft constant. 

16X56 

The gears and diameter of front roller being different, the 
twist constant will be different from the coarser frames, and 
is figured from the following: Gear on front roller 130 
teeth, gear on end of top cone shaft 71 teeth, gear on cen- 
ter of cone shaft 39 teeth, twist gear leave out, gaar on 
main shaft 53 teeth, gear on end of spindle shaft 33 teeth, 
gear on spindle shaft 44 teeth, gear on spindle 23 teeth, cir- 
cumference of front roller 3.534. Example: 

130X39X53X44 

=62.0826 twist constant. 

71X3.534X33X23 

Circumference of the front roller is put in the place of 
twist gear in the above example. If the frame is on two 
hank roving, what number of coils should be laid to the inch 
on the bobbin? (See rule given for intermediate frame.) 
One hank has 11 coils per inch and the square root is 1.000; 
the square root of two hank is 1.414. Multiply the 11 lay- 
ers on one hank by the square root of two hank and divide 
by the square root of the one hank. Example : 

11X1-414 

=:15.554 layers. 

1.000 

How many turns of twist per inch should two hank rov- 
ing have by the standard? Multiply the square root of the 
hank roving by 1.20; the square root of two hank is 1.414. 
Example : 

1.414X1.20—1.6968 twists per inch. 

What number of teeth will it take in the twist gear for 
two hank? Divide twist constant by the number of turns 
per inch required. Example: 

62.0826^1.6968=36.58 twist gear. 

If the frame is running on two hank roving with 15.5 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING IvESSONS 33 

layers per inch on the bobbin, 1.69 turns of twist per inch 
with 37 teeth twist gear, 55 teeth tension gear and a 40 teeth 
lay gear, what number of layers and twist per inch and 
number of teeth in each gear will be required for three hank 
roving*? First get the layers, multiply the square root of 
three hank by the two hank layers, divide by the square 
root of two hank. Example: 

1.732X15-5 

=18.98 layers per in. for 3 hank. 

1.414 

Second, twist per inch. Multiply square root of thr«e 
hank by 1.20. Example : 

1.732X1-20=2.088 twists per inch. 

Third, divide twist constant by twist per inch in the three 
hank for the twist gear. Example: 

62.0826-j-2.088=29.73 twist gear. 

Fourth, multiply lay gear by the square root of the roving 

being made and divide by the square root of the roving to 

be made, for the lay gear. Example: 

40X1.414 

^=32 lay gear. 

1.732 

Fifth, the tension gear is figured like the lay gear. Ex- 
ample : 

55X1.414 

=44.9 tension gear. 

1.732 

In changing from one number of roving to any other num- 
ber the layers, twist per inch and number of teeth in the 
gears are figured as above and will apply to any of the rov- 
ing frames. On three hank roving, with the front roller 
lYs inches in diameter and making 145 revolutions per min- 
ute, how many hanks will one spindle produce in 10 hours, 
if the frame runs without stopping? Multiply the revolu- 
tions per minute of front roller by 60 minutes, by 10 hours, 
and by the circumference of front roller, and divide this 
product by 36 inches and 840 yards and the quotient will 
be hanks. Example: 

145X60X10X3.534 

=10.16 hanks per day. 

36X840 

If the frame has 160 spindles and runs ten hanks of three 



34 VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 

hank roving, what will be the production in pounds'? Ex- 
ample : 

10X160 

=533 pounds, 

3 

Rule: Multiply the number of hanks by the number of 
spindles on one frame and divide by the hank roving. 

There are twenty frames of 160 spindles to each frame, 

all ininning on 2.75 hank roving, and the hanks from all of 

the frames added together amount to 210. What is the 

production per day in pounds^ Example: 

210X160 

=12218 pounds per day. 

2.75 

Ten per cent, should be deducted from the above pro- 
ducts for stoppage. 



CHAPTER XIV. 



What 03\e tooth cKaLnge at aLivy preceediiv^ process 
will effect the hank roving on the fine frame. 

In this case we leave off the weight in grains and hank rov- 
ing, and figure from the gears, except at the fine frame, we use 
only the hank roving. For an example, take the fine frame 
which has a 34 tooth draft gear and making 3 hank roving; 
the intermediate has 45 teeth draft gear and slubber 60 
teeth. Suppose we build up one tooth on the slubber and 
one tooth on the intermediate. Fiut find what the one tooth 
on the slubber will change the three hank. Example: 

60X3.00 

=2.95 hank. 

61 

Second, find what the one tooth change on the intermediate 

will change the 2.95 hank on the fine frame. Example: 

45X2.95 

=2.88 hank, 

46 

which the two changes will make in the three hank on the 
fine frame. But after making these two changes we wish 
to change the draft gear on the fine frame so the roving will 
remain three hank, which calls for the draft gear on the 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 35 

fine frame in the example, as follows: 

34X2.88 

=32.64 draft gear. 

3.00 

Suppose we heavy up two teeth on the draft gear on coarse 

drawing and change one tooth lighter on the fine drawing, 

how will these two changes affect the three hank roving on 

the fine frame? The coarse drawing has on 47 draft gear; 

put on a 49 gear and find what this will make the three hank. 

Example : 

47X3.00 

=2.87 hank. 

49 

The fine drawing has on 47 draft gear; put on a 46 gear 
and find what this will change the 2.87 hank on the fine 
frame. Example : 

47X2.87 



:2.93 hank. 



46 

What draft gear will be required on the fine frame to 
bring the roving back to three hank with a 34 tooth gear 
on the fine frame. Example: 

34X2.93 

=33.20 draft gear. 

3.00 

The rule for figuring a change like the above example is 

simple and the same as the rule used to figure the same 

changes on the fine frame, which is, multiply the draft gear 

on by the hank roving being made and divide by the gear 

put on whether the change is made on the intermediate, 

slubber, drawing or card. Where a change is to be made 

from a certain hank to another hank roving, multiply the 

hank being made by the draft gear on and divide by the 

hank to be made. Take the fine frame on three hank and 

change to four hank by changing the draft gear on the 

card which has a 20 tooth draft gear on. Example: 

3.00X20 

=15 draft gear. 

4.00 

Or say 60 grains card sliver makes three hank roving, 
how many grains must sliver weigh for four hank? Ex- 
ample : 



36 VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 

60X3.00 

r=45 grains. 

4.00 

If we are making two hank roving with a 14 ounce lap 
and change to 2.50 hank by making the lap lighter, what 
ounce lap will be required? Example: 

2.00X14 

=11.2 oz. per yd. of lap. 

2.50 

If the intermediate has a 45 tooth draft gear on, the 

slubber 60, the fine drawing 46, coarse drawing 47 and card 

draft gear 16 teeth, and we change one tooth heavy at each 

process, how will these changes affect three hank roving on 

the fine roving frame? First, the intermediate has 45 and 

we put on 46 tooth draft gear. Example: 

45X3.00 

=2.93 hank. 

46 

The slubber has 60; put on 61 draft gear and find how 

much this will change the 2.93 hank. Example: 

60X2.93 



hank. 



61 
The drawing has 46 teeth; put on a 47 tooth draft gear. 
Find what this will change the 2.88 hank. Example: 
46X2.88 



=2.818. 



47 
The coarse drawing has 47; put on a 48 draft gear and see 
what this will change the 2.818 hank. Example: 
47X2.818 



i2.755 hank. 



48 
The card draft gear has 16 teeth; put on a 17 tooth gear 
and find what it will change the 2.755 hank on the fine frame. 
Example : 

16X2.755 

=2.59 hank roving on the fine fiame. 

17 

The one tooth change at the five different processes makes 
a change on the fine frame three hank roving from three 
hank to 2.59 hank. 

The above example demonstrates the fact that the smaller 
number of teeth the draft gears have, the greater change one 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 37 

tooth will make in the weight or number of the roving, and 
the more teeth the less one tooth will change the number. 
This is why I make my changes in keeping numbers on the 
large gear on the draft gear stud, in place of changing the 
draft pinion. This gear on the Biddeford frame has 100 
teeth, and one tooth change on this gear makes one pound 
in the hundred pounds in the cloth room, while the change 
pinion has about 33 teeth, and one tooth change will make 
three pounds in the hundred. 



CHAPTER XV. 



How to figure the weight of lap to produce a certaiix 

Kaivk rovii\g ai the fine frame, also the weight 

per yaLfd at any process to produce 

any haak roving. 

The two most important questions to decide before we can 
solve this problem are the drafts and doublings on each pro- 
cess; and to make the solution as simple and plain as pos- 
sible, I will take the schedule of drafts and doublings as 
are used in the new Dallas Mills, which are as follows: 
Card draft 95, drawing draft coarse head 6 and double 6, 
fine drawing draft 6 and double 6, slubber draft 3.50, inter- 
mediate draft 4.50 and double 2, fine frame draft 5.50 double 
2. By this schedule we will find the requisite weight per 
yard of lap to produce three hank roving on the fine roving 
frame. 

In figuring from the roving frame back to the card, mul- 
tiply the weight in grains of one or more yards by the draft 
and divide by the doublings. First, 12 yards of three hank 
weigh s 33 1-3 grains with two doublings and 5.50 draft; 
what will 12 yards of intermediate roving weigh in grains? 
Example : 

33^X5.50 

-=91.66 grains weight of 12 yards. 

2 

Secondly, 12 yards of intermediate roving weighs 91.66 
grains and with two doublings and a draft of 4.50, what 
will 12 yards of slubber ro\dng weigh in grains? Example: 



3K VAUGHAN'S CARDING LHSBON'S 

91.66X4.50 

=206.23 grains. 

2 

The slubber has a draft of 3.50 and no doublings. We 
multiply the 206.23 grains by the draft and divide by 12' 
yards; this Avill give what one yard of drawing sliver will- 
weigh in grains. Examples 

206.23X3.50 

— -" =61.41 grs. per yard of fine drawing sliver^ 

12 

As the two processes of drawing draw six times and double- 
si± times, this will make the card sliver the same weight 
per yard as the fine drawing sliver, which is 61.41 grains, 
Thereis no doubling on the card. Multiply the weight of 
sliver by the draft of the card; this will give the grains in 
one yard of lap; divide this product by 437.5, which are the 
grains in one ounce, and the quotient will be ounces per 
yard of lap. Example: 

61.41X95=5833.95^437.5=13.33 ounces in one yard of lap. 

There is no deduction made in the above for waste nor 

any allowance for contraction. By the above schedule of 

drafts and doublings will be found the required weight per 

yard of the fine drawing sliver to produce four hank roving 

on the fine roving frame. Twelve yards of four hank roving 

weighs 25 grains, draft of fine roving frame 5.50 double 

two times, draft of intermediate 4.50, double two times, 

draft of slubber 3.50 and no doubling. Example : 

25X5.50X4.50X3.50 

— - — = =541.40 grains in 12 yards drawing sliver. 

2X2 

Divide by 12 yards and the quotient gives grains in one 
yard of sliver. 

541,40-^12=45.11 grains in one yard. 

Rule: Multiply the weight in grains of 12 yards of fine 
roving and the draft of each process together for a dividend 
and the doublings of each process together for a divisor, 
and the quotient will give the weight in grains of 12 yards, 
which divided by 12 will give the weight of one yard. 

I will change the schedule of the drafts on each process 
aiid use whole numbers, to eliminate fractions, which will 
simplify the operation. Card draft 90, coarse drawing draft 
5, fine drawing draft 5, slubber draft 4, intermediate draft 5, 



TAUGHAISrS CARDING LESSONS 39 

line frame draft 6, tlie doublings the same as in the first 
•schedule. "What weight per yard of lap will he required to 
produce two hank roving on the fine ro^dng frame by the 
last schedule? Multiply the 12 yards by the doublings to 
give one yard of lap in gi'ains. Twelve yards of two hant 
roving weighs 40 grains. Example : 

40X6X5X4X5X5X90 

—6250 grains in 1 yard of lap. 

12X2X2X0X6X6 

Divide by grains in one ounce, wliich is 437.5. Example: 
6250.0-^437.5=314.28 oz. per yard of lap. 

When figuring from the card to the roving frame multiply 
the weight in grains of one yard of lap and all of the doub- 
lings and 12 yards together for a dividend and all of the 
drafts together for a divisor, the quotient will give the 
weight in grains of 12 yards of fine roving from the last 
schedule of drafts and doublings. Will find what a 12 ounce 
per yard of lap will give in hank roving on the fine roving 
frame. Twelve ounces of lap contains 5250 grains. Ex- 
ample : 

5250X12X2X2X6X6 

—33.6 grains in 12 yards of fine roving. 

90X5X5X4X5X6 

Divide 100 by the last results and it will give the hank 
roving. Example : 

100-^33.6=2.97 hank roving. 

From the present schedule we will find what the roving 
and sliver at each process should weigh to produce a given 
hank roving with a draft of 6 on fine roving frame. What 
will the intermediate roving have to weigh to produce two 
hank roving? Twelve yards of two hank weigh 50 gi'ains 
and double two times. Example: 

50X6 

=150 grains per 12 yards. 

2 
With six draft on fine frame and double two times, and 5 
draft on the intermediate and double two times, what will 
12 yards of slubber roving have to weigh to produce 2.50 
hank roving on the fine frame? Twelve yards of 2.50 hank 
weigh 40 gi-ains. Example: 

40X6X5 

=300 grains per 12 yards. 

2X2 



40 VAUGHAN'S CARDING I.EvSSONS 

With 6 draft on fine roving frame and double two times, 
5 draft on the intermediate and double two times, and a 
draft of 4 on slubber, what weight of fine drawing sliver 
per yard will it take to produce three hank on fine roving 
frame? Twelve yards of three hank weigh 33 1-3 grains. 
Example : 

33JX6X5X4 

=:83.33, one yard of sliver. 

12X2X2 

With 6 draft on fine frame, 5 draft on intermediate, 4 
draft on slubber and 5 draft on fine drawing, what weight 
must coarse drawing sliver be to produce two hank rov- 
ing? Twelve yards of two hank weigh 50 grains. Example: 

50X6X5X4X5 

=104.16. 

12X2X2X6 

With 6 draft on fine roving frame, 5 draft on intermediate, 
4 on slubber, 5 on fine drawing, 5 on coarse draAving, what 
must card sliver weigh per yard to produce four hank on fine 
roving frame? Twelve yards of four hank weigh 25 grains. 
Example : 

25X6X5X4X5X5 

^=43.40, 1 yard card sliver. 

12X2X2X6X6 

When starting a new mill it is necessary to have a sched- 
ule of drafts and weights for each process, and as the stock 
is put through each process the sliver or roving should 
weigh the same as scheduled or be made to do so by chang- 
ing the drafts. 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 41 



CHAPTER 17. 



Care of <Ke Ca^rd Lickerin. 

This part of the card is all-important, and is largely res- 
ponsible for the quality of work turned oE, and its capaci- 
ty for cleaning the stock of dirt, motes, leaf and lump, 
makes it an armour of protection for the wire on the cylin- 
der and flats, and its duty well perofimed will cut down 
cost of grinding and double the life of the clothing. To 
bring the lickerin up to its highest efficiency will require go- 
ing into minor details and we shall proceed in this direc- 
tion by taking off the cap and examining the wire. If it 
is very dull or forced up from rubbing the mote knives of 
feed plate, the best thing to do is to take it out and place 
it in some kind of stand — two horses of the right height will 
do. If these are not convenient, we can take it to the lathe, 
run it backward slowly, and with a hand-saw file run in all 
of the spiral grooves from end to end. It is best not to 
have the wire to a fine point, for if extremely sharp, it will 
cut up the stock and make much unnecessary waste. 

If the shrouds have the lip that comes over to the end of 
the lickerin, like the first made by the Pettee shops, they 
should be taken to the lathe and have the lip turned off, 
making plain heads of them: this will save much trouble 
with chokes in the head, which cause fires. After getting 
the wire in condition, we put the lickerin back into place, 
and set it to the cylnder with a No. 7 card guage. Wfe set 
close at this point in order to have the cylinder take all 
of the stock clean from the lickerin; for if any stock passes 
this point and goes to the feed plate again, it will cause 
cloudy carding. Here, we take the lickerin out and exam- 
ine the screen. To do this properly it is necessary to have 
a screen gauge, which I will describe here, so one 
can make it for his own use. Procure a piece of smoothly 
turned shafting, 1^4 inches in diameter, long enough to reach 
across the card, taking in the lickerin boxes. Get a wheel 
sufficiently large, bore the hub to fit the shafting nicely, 
so it will slide easily on it from end to end, turn the face 
to the exact diameter of the lickerin over the wire. This 
wheel need not be over one-fourth of an inch thick on the 



I 



42 VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 

face. Put a collar on each end of the shafting, turn them to 
fit the liekerin boxes with shrouds out: it is now ready for 
use, and we put it in the place of the liekerin. By moving 
the guage from oiig^-side to the other we can see how the 
screen is set to the liekerin, also detect any high or low 
places, bumps or dents, or any defect in the shape of the 
screen, which should conform to the giiage or be made to 
do so, throughout its length and breadth. 

On cards that have not been terated witfi something like 
this guage, I invariably find on putting in the guage, a 
pocket or large open space at the bottom part of the piece 
that is made to the cylinder screen and forms part of the 
licker-in screen. This open space must be gotten out, and 
the only way to do so is to raise this end of the cylinder 
screen straight up with the set screws on the side of the card. 
Bring it up until the screen will be the same distance from 
the guage at bottom as at the top. This open space will 
allow the fibres to collect in flakes when the liekerin will 
take them into the cylinder and cause cloudy carding. It 
will also let the fibres blow to the end of the liekerin and 
collect in bunches, which when large enough, will be caught 
by the wire and taken through, and cause the sliver to break 
down in front of the doffer, or at the coiler head. This 
part of the screen should be set as close to the guage as we 
can get it without touching, for this reason: the cylinder 
when at full speed will create a strong draft of air which 
will pass out under the liekerin through any open space, tak- 
ing good stock with it into the waste, and by setting this 
part close, will cut off this draft. Having this point right, 
we put on the liekerin screen proper, and the best form 
of which are those that are made in two pieces, and we put 
on the first piece; this should be set as close or the same as 
the one already set. The last or ribbed part is put on with 
the nose or part next to the mote knives tipped off one- 
fourth of an inch from the guage. This is done to stop good 
stock from falling out into the waste. 

The mote knives demand our attention next. These were 
a great invention, and add largely to the capacity of the liek- 
erin for cleaning the stock, and there is a secret in set- 
ting these knives, only possessed by the intelligent, who has 
given them unreserved serious thought and study. These 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 43 

«an be set to take out a large quantity of short fibre with 
the motes, dirt and leaf, or set to take out nothing but 
motes, dirt and leaf. They are made so they can be set at 
any angle to the lickerin. The further off from the lickerin 
we set the bottom of the knives the more short fibre will 
be thrown out and the nearer we set them to a perpendicular 
the less fibre will be thrown out. Some mills want as much 
as possible of the short fibre taken out, while others want as 
little as is consistent with the motes, dirt and leaf taken 
out. The secret lies in finding the angle to set the knives 
to suit the stock and quality of goods to be made. These 
knives should be as stiff as possible, and fit tightly in the 
brackets at the end. If they are not it will be impossible 
to set them as close as they should be on account of coming 
in contact with the lickerin. When in motion they should 
be set at the top as close as we can get them without touch- 
ing. When the angle is right, they should be raised straight 
up if necessary, to kep the wire on the lickerin from strik- 
ing on top of the edge of the knife, should they come in 
contact with each other. The wire should strike just below 
the top edge, this prevents the knife from being turned 
out should they come together. The knives and feed plate 
should never be allowed to rub the lickerin wire. This 
will force it up and put it in bad condition for carding. 
We have the screen and knives set, we put the lickerin into 
place, we have the lickerin set to the cylinder, we only have 
to set the feed plate, and this is done with two leaves of the 
gauge together, which is a ten and a seven, which makes 
seventeen card gauge; closer than this has a tendency to 
weaken the yarn. When the feed plate is further off than it 
should be, the stock will be taken in by flakes and make 
cloudy work. Or, if the wire is very dull it will have the same 
effect on the sliver. Take a dull lickerin or one that is off 
too far from feed plate and gets down under card while run- 
ning, and if we watch it we see pieces of stock as large as 
our thumb come below the feed plate before it is taken 
into the cylinder. The fact that this will make cloudy card- 
ing does not require a hydraulic press to get it into the major 
ity of carders^ heads. The lickerin plays a very impor- 
tant part in the quality of the work turned off and it exerts 
quite a large influence on the running of the card, good or 



44 VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 

bad. All of the pockets or open spaces around the lickerin 
must be gotten rid of so that every fibre which is fed in 
at the feed plate will go through; it must not stop and col- 
lect in bunches; if it does, there will be trouble somewhere. 
We see a card that seems to run well and to do good work, 
but frequently it will break down in front of the doffer, or 
at the coiler head. I have no doubt that there are many 
rooms that worry along in this condition and the carder 
thinks it is the nature of the thing and cannot be helped. 
The lickerin can cause all of this trouble as well as other 
parts of the card. 

If the directions given above are strictly followed in the 
settings, we will have a card, so far as the lickerin is con- 
cerned, that will run day in and day out without the sliver 
breaking down in front of the doffer or at the coiler head, 
unless caused by piecing in lap. This part of the card is 
neglected more than any other piece of machinery in the 
mill, presumably on account of the dirt and dust, as it is 
somewhat unpleasant to crawl about under the card, especi- 
ally when running. But it pays to bring the lickerin up 
to its highest efficiency. Get one right and then set all the 
rest like it. To do this properly we should have a gauge made 
with the angle just right. Place it on the card frame and 
have the blade to rest against the bracket that holds the 
knives. In this way we can get them all set alike. The 
settings given are for stock one inch long and under. The 
lickerin needs more attention, care, serious thought and 
study than some men give their room in a lifetime. 

A few years ago it was impossible to take a line of ten or 
twelve cards and make them all do the same quality of work. 
Some would be cloudy with all we could do, or some would 
do better than others along the line. Every card seemed 
to be a machine peculiar to itself. But of late years the 
pieces are duplicates, every piece the same and fit on any 
card that is made by the same pattern, and it is but little 
trouble in a room of eighty or a hundred cards to have the 
sliver from every card to look the same. There is but one 
excuse and that is incompetency of the carder, and I will 
add laziness to his sin of omission. 

Though it would not be expected for a carder to take a 
room that has been butchered up like some rooms are and 
make all of the cards do the same quality of carding. 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 41 



CHAPTER 17. 



Care of tke Card Lickerin. 

This part of the card is all-important, and is largely res- 
ponsible for the quality of work turned off, and its capaci- 
ty for cleaning the stock of dirt, motes, leaf and lump, 
makes it an armour of protection for the wire on the cylin- 
der and flats, and its duty well perofrmed will cut down 
cost of grinding and double the life of the clothing. To 
bring the lickerin up to its highest efficiency will require go- 
ing into minor details and we shall proceed in this direc- 
tion by taking off the cap and examining the wire. If it 
is very dull or forced up from rubbing the mote knives of 
feed plate, the best thing to do is to take it out and place 
it in some kind of stand — two horses of the right height will 
do. If these are not convenient, we can take it to the lathe, 
run it backward slowly, and with a hand-saw file run in all 
of the spiral grooves from end to end. It is best not to 
have the wire to a fine point, for if extremely sharp, it will 
cut up the stock and make much unnecessary waste. 

If the shrouds have the lip that comes over to the end of 
the lickerin, like the first made by the Pettee shops, they 
should be taken to the lathe and have the lip turned off, 
making plain heads of them: this will save much trouble 
with chokes in the head, which cause fires. After getting 
the wire in condition, we put the lickerin back into place, 
and set it to the cylnder with a No. 7 card guage. We set 
close at this point in order to have the cylinder take all 
of the stock clean from the lickerin; for if any stock passes 
this point and goes to the feed plate again, it will cause 
cloudy carding. Here, w^e take the lickerin out and exam- 
ine the screen. To do this properly it is necessary to have 
a screen gauge, which I will describe here, so one 
can make it for his own use. Procure a piece of smoothly 
turned shafting, 1^4 inches in diameter, long enough to reach 
across the card, taking in the lickerin boxes. Get a wheel 
sufficiently large, bore the hub to fit the shafting nicely, 
so it will slide easily on it from end to end, turn the face 
to the exact diameter of the lickerin over the wire. This 
wheel need not be over one-fourth of an inch thick on the 



42 VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 

face. Put a collar on each end of the shafting, turn them to 
fit the lickerin boxes with shrouds out: it is now ready for 
use, and we put it in the place of the lickerin. By moving 
the guage from one side to the other we can see how the 
screen is set to the lickerin, also detect any high or low 
places, bumps or dents, or any defect in the shape of the 
screen, which should conform to the guage or be made to 
do so, throughout its length and breadth. 

On cards that have not been terated with something like 
this gTiage, I invariably find on putting in the guage, a 
pocket or large open space at the bottom part of the piece 
that is made to the cylinder screen and forms part of the 
licker-in screen. This open space must be gotten out, and 
the only way to do so is to raise this end of the cylinder 
screen straight up with the set screws on the side of the card. 
Bring it up until the screen will be the same distance from 
the guage at bottom as at the top. This open space will 
allow the fibres to collect in flakes when the lickerin will 
take them into the cylinder and cause cloudy carding. It 
will also let the fibres blow to the end of the lickerin and 
collect in bunches, w^hieh when large enough, will be caught 
by the wire and taken through, and cause the sliver to break 
down in front of the doffer, or at the coiler head. This 
part of the screen should be set as close to the guage as we 
can get it without touching, for this reason: the cjiinder 
when at full speed will create a strong draft of air which 
will pass out under the lickerin through any open space, tak- 
ing good stock with it into the waste, and by setting this 
part close, will cut off this draft. Having this point right, 
we put on the lickerin screen proper, and the best form 
of which are those that are made in two pieces, and we put 
on the first piece; this should be set as close or the same as 
the one already set. The last or ribbed part is put on with 
the nose or part next to the mote knives tipped off one- 
fourth of an inch from the guage. This is done to stop good 
stock from falling out into the waste. 

The mote knives demand our attention next. These were 
a great invention, and add largely to the capacity of the lick- 
erin for cleaning the stock, and there is a secret in set- 
ting these knives, only possessed by the intelligent, who has 
given them unreserved serious thought and study. These 



VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 43 

«an be set to take out a large quantity of short fibre with 
the motes, dirt and leaf, or set to take out nothing but 
motes, dirt and leaf. They are made so they can be set at 
any angle to the lickerin. The further off from the lickerin 
we set the bottom of the knives the more short fibre will 
be thrown out and the nearer we set them to a perpendicular 
the less fibre will be thrown out. Some mills want as much 
as possible of the short fibre taken out, while others want as 
little as is consistent with the motes, dirt and leaf taken 
out. The secret lies in finding the angle to set the knives 
to suit the stock and quality of goods to be made. These 
knives should be as stiff as possible, and fit tightly in the 
brackets at the end. If they are not it will be impossible 
to set them as close as they should be on account of coming 
in contact with the lickerin. When in motion they should 
be set at the top as close as we can get them without touch- 
ing. When the angle is right, they should be raised straight 
up if necessary, to kep the wire on the lickerin from strik- 
ing on top of the edge of the knife, should they come in 
contact with each other. The wire should strike just below 
the top edge, this prevents the knife from being turned 
out should they come together. The knives and feed plate 
should never be allowed to rub the lickerin wire. This 
will force it up and put it in bad condition for carding. 
We have the screen and knives set, we put the lickerin into 
place, we have the lickerin set to the cylinder, we only have 
to set the feed plate, and this is done with two leaves of the 
gauge together, which is a ten and a seven, which makes 
seventeen card gauge; closer than this has a tendency to 
weaken the yarn. When the feed plate is further off than it 
should be, the stock will be taken in by flakes and make 
cloudy work. Or, if the wire is very dull it will have the same 
effect on the sliver. Take a dull lickerin or one that is off 
too far from feed plate and gets down under card while run- 
ning, and if we watch it we see pieces of stock as large as 
our thumb come below the feed plate before it is taken 
into the cylinder. The fact that this will make cloudy card- 
ing does not require a hydraulic press to get it into the major 
ity of carders' heads. The lickerin plays a very impor- 
tant part in the quality of the work turned off and it exerts 
quite a large influence on the running of the card, good or 



44 VAUGHAN'S CARDING LESSONS 

bad. All of the pockets or open spaces around the lickerin 
must be gotten rid of so that every fibre which is fed in 
at the feed plate will go through; it must not stop and col- 
lect in bunches; if it does, there will be trouble somewhere. 
We see a card that seems to run well and to do good work, 
but frequently it will break down in front of the doffer, or 
at the coiler head. I have no doubt that there are many 
rooms that worry along in this condition and the carder 
thinks it is the nature of the thing and cannot be helped. 
The lickerin can cause all of this trouble as well as other 
parts of the card. 

If the directions given above are strictly followed in the 
settings, we will have a card, so far as the lickerin is con- 
cerned, that will run day in and day out without the sliver 
breaking down in front of the doffer or at the coiler head, 
unless caused by piecing in lap. This part of the card is 
neglected more than any other piece of machinei^ in the 
mill, presumably on account of the dirt and dust, as it is 
somewhat unpleasant to crawl about under the card, especi- 
ally when running. But it pays to bring the lickerin up 
to its highest efficiency. Get one right and then set all the 
rest like it. To do this properly we should have a gauge made 
with the angle just right. Place it on the card frame and 
have the blade to rest against the bracket that holds the 
knives. In this way we can get them all set alike. The 
settings given are for stock one inch long and under. The 
lickerin needs more attention, care, serious thought and 
study than some men give their room in a lifetime. 

A few years ago it was impossible to take a line of ten or 
twelve cards and make them all do the same quality of work. 
Some would be cloudy with all we could do, or some would 
do better than others along the line. Every card seemed 
to be a machine peculiar to itself. But of late years the 
pieces are duplicates, every piece the same and fit on any 
card that is made by the same pattern, and it is but little 
trouble in a room of eighty or a hundred cards to have the 
sliver from every card to look the same. There is but one 
excuse and that is incompetency of the carder, and I will 
add laziness to his sin of omission. 

Though it would not be expected for a carder to take a 
room that has been butchered up like some rooms are and 
make all of the cards do the same quality of carding. 



"r\A/IS-r OF- ROVING 



' 




OS 






tt: 






as 






t^ 






a: 






a: 


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1 


i 




i 


1 


3 


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1 

1 


1 

i 




.1 
1 


I 




i 


1 
1 


i 


1 


1 

1 


i 


.10 


.316 


.38 


.57 


.755 


.91 


1.28 


1.131 


1.36 


2.22 


1.490 


1.79 


3.63 


1.905 


2.29 


5 32 


2.307 


2.77 


.11 


.332 


.40 


.58 


.762 


.91 


1.30 


1.140 


1.37 


2.25 


1.500 


1.80 


3.66 


1.913 


2.30 


5.36 


2.315 


2.78 


.12 


.346 


.41 


.59 


.768 


.92 


1.32 


1.149 


1.38 


2.28 


1.510 


1.81 


3.69 


1.921 


2.31 


5.40 


2.324 


2.79 


.13 


.361 


.43 


.60 


.775 


.93 


1.34 


1.158 


1.39 


2.31 


1.520 


1.82 


3.72 


1.929 


2.31 


544 


2.332 


2.80 


.14 


.374 


.45 


.61 


.781 


.94 


1.36 


1.166 


1.40 


2.34 


1.530 


1.84 


3.75 


1.936 


2.32 


5.48 


2.341 


2.81 


.15 


.387 


.46 


.62 


.787 


.94 


1.38 


1.175 


1.41 


2.37 


1.539 


1.85 


3.78 


1.944 


2.33 


5.52 


2.349 


2.82 


.16 


.400 


.48 


.63 


.794 


.95 


1.40 


1.183 


1.42 


2.40 


1.549 


1.86 


3.81 


1.952 


2.34 


5.56 


2.358 


2.83 


.17 


.412 


.49 


.64 


.800 


.96 


1.42 


1.192 


1.43 


2.43 


1.559 


1.87 


3.84 


1.960 


2.35 


5.60 


2.366 


2.84 


.18 


.424 


.51 


.65 


.806 


.97 


1.44 


1.200 


1.44 


2.46 


1.568 


1.88 


3.87 


1.967 


2.36 


5.64 


2.375 


2.85 


.19 


.436 


.52 


.66 


.812 


.97 


1.46 


1.208 


1.45 


2.49 


1.578 


1.89 


3.90 


1.975 


2.37 


5.68 


2.383 


2.86 


.20 


.447 


.54 


.67 


.819 


.98 


1.48 


1.217 


1.46 


2.52 


1.587 


1.90 


3.93 


1.982 


2.38 


5.72 


2.392 


2.87 


.21 


.458 


.55 


.68 


.825 


.99 


1.50 


1.225 


1.47 


2.55 


1.597 


1.92 


3.96 


1.990 


2.39 


5.76 


2.400 


2.88 


.22 


.469 


.56 


.69 


.831 


1.00 


1.52 


1.233 


1.48 


2.58 


1.606 


1.93 


3.99 


1.997 


2.40 


5.80 


2.408 


2.89 


.23 


.480 


.58 


.70 


837 


1.00 


1.54 


1.241 


1.49 


2.61 


1.616 


1.94 


4.02 


2.005 


2.41 


5.84 


2.417 


2.90 


.24 


.490 


.59 


.71 


.843 


1.01 


1.56 


1.249 


1.50 


2.64 


1.625 


1.95 


4.05 


2.012 


2.41 


5.88 


2.425 


2.91 


.25 


.500 


.60 


.72 


.849 


1.02 


1.58 


1.257 


1.51 


2.67 


1.634 


1.96 


4.08 


2.020 


2.42 


5.92 


2.433 


2.92 


.26 


.510 


.61 


.73 


.854 


1.02 


1.60 


1.265 


1.52 


2.70 


1.643 


1.97 


4.11 


2.027 


2.43 


5.96 


2.441 


2.93 


.27 


.520 


.62 


.74 


.860 


1.03 


1.62 


1.273 


1.53 


2.73 


1.652 


1.98 


4.14 


2.035 


2.44 


6.00 


2.449 


2.94 


.28 


.529 


.63 


.75 


.866 


1.04 


1.64 


1.281 


1.54 


2.76 


1.661 


1.99 


4.17 


2.042 


2.45 


6.04 1 2.458 


2.95 


.29 


.539 


.65 


.76 


.872 


1.05 


1.66 


1.288 


1.55 


2.79 


1.670 


2.00 


4.20 


2.049 


2.46 


6.08 ! 2.466 


2.96 


.30 


.548 


.66 


.77 


.877 


1.05 


1.68 


1.296 


1.56 


2.82 


1.679 


2.01 


4.23 


2.057 


2 47 


6.12 


2.474 


2.97 


.31 


.557 


.67 


.78 


.883 


1.06 


1.70 


1.304 


1.56 


2.85 


1.688 


2.03 


4.26 


2.064 


2.48 


6.16 


2.482 


2.98 


.32 


.566 


.68 


.79 


.889 


1.07 


1 72 


1.311 


1.57 


2.88 


1.697 


2.04 


4.32 


2.078 


2.49 


6.20 


2.490 


2.99 


.33 


.574 


.69 


.80 


.894 


1.07 


1.74 


1.319 


1.58 


2.91 


1.706 


2.05 


4.36 


2.088 


2.51 


6.24 


2.498 


3.00 


.34 


.583 


.70 


.82 


.906 


1.09 


1.76 


1.327 


1.59 


2.94 


1.715 


2.06 


4.40 


2.098 


2.52 


6.28 


2.506 


3.01 


.35 


.592 


.71 


.84 


.917 


1.10 


1.78 


1.334 


1.60 


2.97 


1.723 


2.07 


4.44 


2.107 


2.53 


6.32 


2.514 


3.02 


.36 


.600 


.72 


.86 


.927 


1.11 


1.80 


1.342 


1.61 


3.00 


1.732 


2.08 


4.48 


2,117 


2.54 


6.36 


2.522 


3.03 


.37 


.608 


.73 


.88 


.938 


1.13 


1.82 


1.349 


1.62 


3.03 


1.741 


2.09 


4.52 


2.126 


2.55 


6.40 


2.530 


3.04 


.38 


.616 


.74 


.90 


.949 


1.14 


1.84 


1.356 


1.63 


3.06 


1.749 


2.10 


4.56 


2.135 


2.56 


6.44 


2.538 


3.05 


.39 


.624 


.75 


.92 


.959 


1.15 


1.86 


1.364 


1.64 


3.09 


1.758 


2.11 


4.60 


2.145 


2.57 


6.48 


2.546 


3.06 


.40 


.632 


.76 


.94 


.970 


1.16 


1.88 


1.371 


1.65 


3.12 


1.766 


2.12 


4.64 


2.154 


2.58 


6.52 


2.553 


3.06 


.41 


.640 


.77 


.96 


.980 


1.18 


1.90 


1.378 


1.65 


3.15 


1.775 


2.13 


4.68 


2.163 


2.60 


6.56 


2.561 


3.07 


.42 


.648 


.78 


.98 


.990 


1.19 


1.92 


1.386 


1.66 


3.18 


1.783 


2.14 


4.72 


2.173 


2.61 


6.60 


2.569 


3.08 


.43 


.656 


.79 


1.00 


1.000 


1.20 


1.94 


1.393 


1.67 


3.21 


1.792 


2.15 


4.76 


2.182 


2.62 


6.64 


2.577 


3.09 


.44 


.663 


.80 


1.02 


1.010 


1.21 


1.96 


1.400 


1.68 


3.24 


1.800 


2.16 


4.80 


2.191 


2.63 


6.68 


2.585 


3.10 


.45 


.671 


.81 


1.04 


1.020 


1.22 


1.98 


1.407 


1.69 


3.27 


1.808 


2.17 


4.84 


2.200 


2.64 


6.72 


2.592 


3.11 


.46 


.678 


.81 


1.06 


1.030 


1.24 


2.00 


1.414 


1.70 


3.30 


1.817 


2.18 


4.88 


2.209 


2.65 


6.76 


2.600 


3.12 


.47 


.686 


.82 


1.08 


1.039 


1.25 


2.02 


1.421 


1.71 


3.33 


1.825 


2.19 


4.92 


2.218 


2 66 


6.80 


2.608 


3.13 


.48 


.693 


.83 ! 


1.10 


1.049 


1.26 


2.04 


1.428 


1.71 


3.36 


1.833 


2.20 


4.96 


2.227 


2.67 


6.84 


2.615 


3,14 


.49 


.700 


.84 


1.12 


1.058 


1.27 


2.06 


1.435 


1.72 


3.39 


1.841 


2.21 


5.00 


2.236 


2.68 


6.88 


2.623 


3.15 


.50 


.707 


.85 


1.14 


1.068 


1.28 


2.08 


1.442 


1.73 


3.42 


1.849 


2.22 


5.04 


2.245 


2.69 


6.92 


2.631 


3.16 


.51 


.714 


.86 


1.16 


1.077 


1.29 


2.10 


1.449 


1.74 


3.45 


1.857 


2.23 


5.08 


2.254 


2.70 


6.96 


2.638 


3.17 


.52 


.721 


.87 


1.18 


1.086 


1.30 


2.12 


1.456 


1.75 


3.48 


1.865 


2.24 


5.12 


2.263 


2.72 


7.00 


2.646 


3.17 


.53 


.718 


.87 


1.20 


1.095 


1.31 


2.14 


1.463 


1.76 


3.51 


1.873 


2.25 


5.16 


2.272 


2.73 


7.04 


2.653 


3.18 


.54 


.735 


.88 


1.22 


1.105 


1.33 


2.16 


1.470 


1.76 


3.54 


1.881 


2.26 


5.20 


2.280 


2.74 


7.08 


2.661 


3.19 


.55 


.742 


.89 


1.24 


1.114 


1.34 


2.18 


1.476 


1.77 


3.57 


1.889 


2.27 


5.24 


2.289 


2.75 


7.10 


2.665 


3,20 


.56 


.748 


.90 


1.26 


1.122 


1.35 


2.20 


1.483 


1.78 


3.60 


1.897 


2.28 


5.28 


2.298 


2.76 


7.15 


2.674 


3.21 



This table used by permission of Draper Co., Hopedale, Mass. 



44 VAUGHAN^S CARDING LESSONS 

bad. All of the pockets or open spaces around the lickerin 
must be gotten rid of so that every fibre which is fed in 
at the feed plate will go through; it must not stop and col- 
lect in bunches; if it does, there will be trouble somewhere. 
We see a card that seems to run well and to do good work, 
but frequently it will break down in front of the doffer, or 
at the coiler head. I have no doubt that there are many 
rooms that worry along in this condition and the carder 
thinks it is the nature of the thing and cannot be helped. 
The lickerin can cause all of this trouble as well as other 
parts of the card. 

If the directions given above are strictly followed in the 
settings, we will have a card, so far as the lickerin is con- 
cerned, that will run day in and day out without the sliver 
breaking down in front of the doffer or at the coiler head, 
unless caused by piecing in lap. This part of the card is 
neglected more than any other piece of machinei-y in the 
mill, presumably on account of the dirt and dust, as it is 
somewhat unpleasant to crawl about under the card, especi- 
ally when running. But it pays to bring the lickerin up 
to its highest efficiency. Get one right and then set all the 
rest like it. To do this properly we should have a gauge made 
with the angle just right. Place it on the card frame and 
have the blade to rest against the bracket that holds the 
knives. In this way we can get them all set alike. The 
settings given are for stock one inch long and under. The 
lickerin needs more attention, care, serious thought and 
study than some men give their room in a lifetime. 

A few years ago it was impossible to take a line of ten or 
twelve cards and make them all do the same quality of work. 
Some would be cloudy with all we could do, or some would 
do better than others along the line. Every card seemed 
to be a machine peculiar to itself. But of late years the 
pieces are duplicates, every piece the same and fit on any 
card that is made by the same pattern, and it is but little 
trouble in a room of eighty or a hundred cards to have the 
sliver from every card to look the same. There is but one 
excuse and that is incompetency of the carder, and I will 
add laziness to his sin of omission. 

Though it would not be expected for a carder to take a 
room that has been butchered up like some rooms are and 
make all of the cards do the same quality of carding. 



.10 

.11 

.12 
.13 
.14 
.15 

.16 
.17 
.18 
.19 
.20 
.21 
.22 
.23 
.24 
.25 
.26 
.27 
.28 
.29 
.30 
.31 
.32 
.33 
.34 
.35 
.36 
.37 
.38 
.39 
.40 
.41 
.42 
.43 
.44 
.45 
.46 
.47 
.48 
.49 
.50 
.51 
.52 
.53 
.54 
.55 
.56 



S 

to 



.316 
.332 
.346 
.361 
.374 
.387 






.38 
.40 
.41 
.43 

.45 
.46 



.400 


.48 


.412 


.49 


.424 


.51 


.436 


.52 


.447 


.54 


.458 


.55 


.469 


.56 


.480 


.58 


.490 


.59 


.500 


.60 


.510 


.61 


.520 


.62 


.529 


.63 


.539 


.65 


.548 


.66 


.557 


.67 


.566 


.68 


.574 


.69 


.583 


.70 


.592 


.71 


.600 


.72 


.608 


.73 


.616 


.74 


.624 


.75 


.632 


.76 


.640 


.77 


.648 


.78 


.656 


.79 


.663 


.80 


.671 


.81 


.678 


.81 


.686 


.82 


.693 


.83 


.700 


.84 


.707 


.85 


.714 


.86 


.721 


.87 


.718 


.87 


.735 


.88 


.742 


.89 


.748 


.90 



This table us 







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1 


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2: 

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7.20 


2.683 


3.22 


9.55 


3.090 


3.71 


12.18 


3.490 


4.19 


14.98 


3 870 


4.64 


18.20 


4.266 


5.12 


21.68 


4.656 


5.59 


7.25 


2.693 


3.23 


9.60 


3.098 


3.72 


12.24 


3.499 


4.20 


15.05 


3.879 


4.65 


18.27 


4.274 


5.13 


21.76 


4.665 


5.60 


7.30 


2.702 


3.24 


9.65 


3.106 


3.73 


12.30 


3.507 


4.21 


15.12 


3.888 


4.67 


18.34 


4.283 


5.14 


21.84 


4.673 


5.61 


7.35 


2.711 


3.25 


9.70 


3.114 


3.74 


12.36 


3.516 


4.22 


15.19 


3.897 


4.68 


18.41 


4.291 


5.15 


21.92 


4.682 


5.62 


7.40 


2.720 


3.26 


9.75 


3.122 


3.75 


12.42 


3.524 


4.23 


15.26 


3.906 


4.69 


18.48 


4.299 


5.16 


22.00 


4.690 


5.63 


7.45 


2.729 


3.27 


9.80 


3.130 


3.76 


12.48 


3.533 


4.24 


15.33 


3.915 


4.70 


18.55 


4.307 


5.17 


22.08 


4.699 


5.64 


7.50 


2.739 


3.29 


9.85 


3.138 


3.77 


12.54 


3.541 


4.25 


15.40 


3.924 


4.71 


18.62 


4.315 


5.18 


22.16 


4.707 


5.65 


7.55 


2.748 


3.30 


9.90 


3.140 


3.78 


12.60 


3.550 


4.26 


15.47 


3.933 


4.72 


18.69 


4.323 


5.19 


22.24 


4.716 


5.66 


7.60 


2.757 


3.31 


9.95 


3.154 


3.78 


12.66 


3.558 


4.27 


15.54 


3.942 


4.73 


18.76 


4.331 


5.20 


22.32 


4.724 


5.67 


7.65 


2.766 


3.32 


10.00 


3.162 


3.79 


12.72 


3.567 


4.28 


15.61 


3.951 


4 74 


18.83 


4.339 


5.21 


22.40 


4.733 


5.68 


7.70 


2.775 


3.33 


10.05 


3.170 


3.80 


12.78 


3.575 


4.29 


15.68 


2.960 


4.75 


18.90 


4.347 


5.22 


22.48 


4.741 


5.69 


7.75 


2.784 


3.34 


10.10 


3.178 


3.81 


12.84 


3.583 


4.30 


15.75 


3.969 


4.76 


18.97 


4.355 


5.23 


22.56 


4.750 


5.70 


7.80 


2.798 


3.35 


10.15 


3.186 


3.82 


12.90 


3.692 


4.31 


j 15.82 


3.977 


4.77 


19.04 


4.363 


5.24 


22.64 


4.758 


5.71 


7.85 


2.802 


3.36 


10.20 


3.194 


3.83 


12.96 


3.600 


4.32 


1 15.89 


3.986 


4.78 


19.11 


4.371 


5.25 


22.72 


4.767 


5.72 


7.90 


2.811 


3.37 


10.25 


3.202 


3.84 


13.02 


3.608 


4.33 


i 15.96 


3.995 


4.79 


19.18 


4.379 


5.26 


22.80 


4.775 


5.73 


7.95 


2.820 


3.38 


10.30 


3.209 


3.85 


13.08 


3.617 


4.34 


16.03 


4.004 


4.80 


19.25 


4.387 


5.26 


22.88 


4.783 


5.74 


s.oo 


2.828 


3.39 


10.35 


3.217 


3.86 


13.14 


3.625 


4.35 


16.10 


4.012 


4.81 


19.32 


4.395 


5.27 


22.96 


4.792 


5.75 


8.05 


2.837 


3.40 


10.40 


3.225 


3.87 


13.20 


3.033 


4.36 


16.17 


4.021 


4.83 


19.39 1 4.403 


5.28 


23.04 


4.800 


5.76 


8.10 


2.846 


3.42 


10.45 


3.233 


3.88 


13.26 


3.641 


4.37 


16.24 


4.030 


4.84 


19.46 


4.411 


5.29 


23.12 


4.808 


5.77 


8.15 


2.855 


3.43 


10.50 


3.240 


3.89 


13.32 1 3.650 


4.38 


16.31 


4.039 


4.85 


19.53 


4.419 


5.30 


23.20 


4.817 


5.78 


8.20 


2.864 


3.44 


10.55 


3.248 


3.90 


13.38 3.658 


4.39 


16.38 


4.047 


4.86 


19.60 


4.427 


5.3J 


23.28 


4.825 


5.79 


8.25 


2.872 


3.45 


10.62 


3.259 


3.91 


13.44 3.666 i 4.40 


16.45 


4.056 


4.87 


19.67 


4.435 


5.32 


23.36 


4.833 


5.80 


8.30 


2.881 


3.46 


10.68 


3.268 


3.92 


13.50 i 3.674 1 4.41 


16.52 


4.064 


4.88 


19.76 


4 445 


5.33 


23.44 


4.841 


5.81 


8.35 


2.890 


3.47 


10.74 


3.277 


3.93 


13.56 1 3.682 


4 42 


16.59 


4.073 


4.89 


19.84 


4.454 


5.34 


23.52 


4.850 


5.82 


8.40 


2.898 


3.48 


10.80 


3.286 


3.94 


13.62 i 3.691 


4.43 


16.66 


4.082 


4.90 


19.92 


4.463 


5.36 


23.60 


4.858 


5.83 


8.45 


2.907 


3.49 


10.86 


3.295 


3.95 


13.68 I 3.699 


4.44 


16.73 


4.090 


4.91 


20.00 


4.472 


5.37 


23.68 


4.866 


5.84 


8.50 


2.915 


3.50 


10.92 


3.305 


3.97 j 


13.74 1 3.707 


4.45 


16.80 


4.099 


4 92 


20.08 


4.481 


5.38 


23.76 


4.874 


5.85 


8.55 


2.924 


3.51 


10.98 


3.314 


3.98 1 


13.80 3.715 


4.46 


16.87 


4.107 


4.93 


20.10 


4.490 


5.39 


23.84 


4.883 


5.86 


8.60 


2.933 


3.52 1 


11.04 


3.323 


3.99 i 


13.86 3.723 


4.47 


16.94 


4.116 


4.94 


20.24 


4.499 


5.40 


23.92 


4.891 


5.87 


8.65 


2.9a 3.53 1 


11.10 


3.332 


4.00 ! 


13.92 3 731 


4.48 


17.01 


4.124 


4.95 


20.32 


4.508 


5.41 


24.00 


4.899 


5.88 


8.70 


2.950 3.54 1 


11.16 


3.341 


4.01 1 


13.98 1 3.739 


4.49 


17.08 


4.133 


4.96 


20.40 


4.517 


5.42 


24.08 


4.907 


5.89 


8.75 


2.958 3.55 1 


11.22 


3.350 


4.02 : 


14.04 i 3.747 


4.50 


17.15 


4.141 


4.97 


20.48 


4.525 


5.43 


24.16 


4.915 


5.90 


8.80 


2.966 3.56 i 


11.28 


3.359 


4.03 


14.10 i 3.755 


4.51 


17.22 


4.150 


4.98 


20.56 


4,534 


5.44 


24.24 


4.923 


5.91 


8.85 


2.975 3.57 j 


11.34 


3.367 


4.04 


14.16 1 3.763 


4.52 


17.29 


4.158 


4.99 


20.64 


4.543 


5.45 


24.32 


4.932 


5.92 


8.90 


2.983 3.58 ll 11.40 


3.376 


4.05 


14.22 


3.771 


4.53 


17.36 


4.167 


5.00 


20.72 


4.552 


5.46 


24.40 


4.940 


5.93 


8.95 


2.992 3.59 !l 11.46 


3.385 


4.06 


14.28 


3.779 


4.53 


17.43 


4.175 


5.01 


20.80 


4.561 


5.47 


24.48 


4.948 


5.94 


9.00 


3.000 


3.60 1 11.52 


3.394 


4.07 


14.34 


3.787 


4.54 


17.50 


4 183 


5.02 


20.88 


4.569 


5.48 


24.56 


4.956 


5.95 


9.05 


3.008 


3.61 ! 11.58 


3.403 


4.08 


14.40 


3 795 


4.55 


17.57 


4.192 


5.03 


20.96 


4.578 


5.49 


24.64 


4.964 


5.96 


9.10 


3.017 


3.62 ; 


11.64 


3.412 


4.09 


14.46 


3.803 


4.56 


17.64 


4.200 


5.04 


21.04 


4.587 


5.50 


24.72 


4.972 


5.97 


9.15 


3.025 


3.63 ' 


11.70 


3.421 


4.11 


14.52 


3.811 


4.57 


17.71 


4.208 


5.05 


21.12 


4.596 


5.52 


24.80 


4.980 


5.98 


9.20 


3.033 


3.64 j 


11.76 


3.429 


4.11 


14.58 


3.818 


4.58 


17.78 


4.217 


5.06 


21. 2-.) 


4.604 


5.52 


24.88 


4.988 


5.99 


9.25 


3.041 


3.65 1 


11.82 


3.438 


4.13 


14.64 


3.826 


4.59 


17.85 


4.225 


5.07 


21.28 


4.613 


5.54 


24.96 


4.996 


6.00 


9.30 


3.050 


3.66 


11.88 


3.447 


4.14 


14.70 


3.834 


4.60 


17.92 


4.233 


.■).08 


21.30 


4.622 


5.55 


25.04 


5.004 


6.00 


9.35 


3.058 


3.67 


11.94 


3.455 


4.15 


14.76 


3.842 


4.61 


17.99 


4.241 


5.09 


21.44 


4.630 


5.56 


25.12 


5.012 


6.01 


9.40 


3.066 


3.68 


12.00 


3.464 


4.16 


14.84 


3.852 


4.62 


18.06 


4.250 


5.10 


21.52 


4.639 


5.57 


25.20 


5.020 


6.02 


9.45 


3.074 


3.69 


12.06 3.473 


4.17 


14.91 


3.861 


4 63 


18.13 


4.258 


5.11 


21.60 


4.648 


5.58 


25.28 


5.028 


6.03 


9.50 


3.082 


3.70 1 


12.12 2.481 4.18 ! 



























This table u.sed by permission of Draper Co., Hopedale, Mass. 



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7.20 


2.683 


3.22 


7.25 


2.693 


3.23 


7.30 


2.702 


3.24 


7.35 


2.711 


3.25 


7.40 


2.720 


3.26 


7.45 


2.729 


3.27 


7.50 


2.739 


3.29 


7.55 


2.748 


3.30 


7.60 


2.757 


3.31 


7.65 


2.766 


3.32 


7.70 


2.775 


3.33 


7.75 


2.784 


3,34 


7.80 


2.793 


3,35 


7.85 


2.802 


3.36 


7.90 


2.811 


3,37 


7.95 


2.820 


3,38 


8.00 


2.828 


3,39 


8.05 


2.837 


3.40 


8.10 


2.846 


3.42 


8.15 


2.855 


3,43 


8.20 


2.864 


3.44 


8.25 


2.872 


3.45 


8.30 


2.881 


3.46 


8.35 


2.890 


3,47 


8.40 


2.898 


3.48 


8.45 


2.907 


3.49 ! 


8.50 


2.915 


3.50 


8.55 


2.924 


3.51 


8.60 


2.933 


3.52 


8.65 


2.9 a 


3.53 


8.70 


2.950 


3.54 i 


8.75 


2.958 


3.55 


8.80 


2.966 


3.56 


8.85 


2.975 


3.57 


8.90 


2.983 


3.58 1 


8.95 


2.992 


3.59! 


9.00 


3.000 


3.00 1 


9.05 


3.008 


3.61 i 


9.10 


3.017 


3.62 1 


9.15 


3.025 


3.63 1 


9.20 


3.033 


3.64 1 


9.25 


3.041 


3.65 1 


9.30 


3.050 


3.66 


9.35 


3.058 


3.67 1 


9.40 


3.066 


3.68 ! 


9.45 


3.074 


3.69 


9.50 


3.082 


3.70 1 



£ 



9. 

9. 

9.<1 

9 

9 

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9 

10.' 
10.1 
10. 
10. 
10. 
10.1 
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10 
10 
10 
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11. 

11. 

11. 

11. 

11. 

11. 

11. 

11. 

11. 

11. 

11.6 

11 

11 

11 

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11 

12.( 
12.( 
12 



This table used by per 



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COO-TOi-'Orf^OO^C;iC50iJi.CO:/OO^OOC500 03 0CiO 



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w B. 



TABLE FOR NUMBERING ROVING 



ii 


1 1 


ii 


S 1 

= i 


ii 

12. 


8.33| 


ii 
17. 


.1 
1 

5.88 


11 

22 


^5 

i 
] 1 

4.55 


ii 

27. 


i 

3.70 


iJ 

32. 




1. 


100.00 


7. 


14.29 


3.12 


1.2 


83.33 


7.1 


14.08 1 


12.1 


8.26 


17.1 


5.85 


22.1 


4.52, 


27.1 


3.69i 


32.1 


3.12 


1.4 


71.43 


7.2 


13.89 1 


12.2 


8.20 


17.2 


5.81 


22.2 


4.50 


27.2 


3.681 


32.2 


3.11 


1.6 


62.50 


7.3 


13.70 j 


12.3 


8.13 


17.3 


5.78 


22.3 


4.48 


27.3 


3.661 


32.3 


3.10 


1.8 


55.56 


7.4 


13.51 i 


12.4 


8.061 


17.4 


5.75 


22.4 


4.461 


27.4 


3.651 


32.4 


3.09 


2 


50.00 


7.5 


13.33 ' 


12.5 


8.00 


17.5 


5.71 


22.5 


4.44' 


27.5 


3.64i 


32.5 


3.08 


2.2 


45.45 


7.6 


13 16 


12.6 


7.94 


17.6 


5.681 


22.6 


4.42 1 


27.6 


3.62 


32.6 


3.07 


2A 


41.67 


7.7 


12.99 


12.7 


7.87 


17.7 


5.651 


22.7 


4.41 


27.7 


3.61 


32.7 


3.06 


2.6 


38.46 


7.8 


12.82 1 


12.8 


7.81 


17.8 


5.62, 


22.8 


4.39i 


27.8 


3.60 


32.8 


3.05 


2.8 


35.71 


7.9 


12.66 ! 


12.9 


7.75 


117.9 


5.591 


22.9 


4.37 


27.9 


3.58 


32.9 


3.04 


3. 


33.33 


8. 


12.50 ! 


13. 


7.69 


18. 


5.561 


23. 


4.35 


28. 


3.57 


33. 


3.03 


3.1 


32.26 


8.1 


12.35 i 


13.1 


7.63 


18.1 


5.521 


23.1 


4.33| 


28.1 


3.56 


33.1 


3.02 


3.2 


31.25 


8.2 


12.20 1 


13.2 


7.58' 


18.2 


;\49[ 


23.2 


4.31 


28.2 


3.55 


33.2 


3.01 


3.3 ! 30.30 i 


8.3 


12.05 


13.3 


7.52 


!18.3 


5.46' 


23.3 


4.29 


28.3 


3.53 


33.3 


3.00 


3.4 ! 29.41 1 


8.4 


11.90 1 


13.4 


7.46 


:i8.4 


5.431 


23.4 


4.27 


28.4 


3.52 


33.4 


2.99 


3.5 


28.57 i 


8.5 


11.76 1 


13.5 


7.41 


il8.5 


5.41 


23.5 


4.26 


28 5 


3.51 


33.5 


2.99 


3.6 


27.78 1 


8.6 


11.63 1 


13.6 


7.35 


18.6 


5.38 


23.6 


4.24 


28.6 


3.50 


33.6 


2.98 


3.7 


27.03 i 


8.7 


11.49 1 


13.7 


7.30 


18.7 


5.35 


23.7 


4.22 


28.7 


3.49 


33.7 


2.97 


3.8 


26.32 1 


8.8 


11.3rt 1 


13.8 


7.25 


118.8 


5.32 


23.8 


4.20 


28.8 


3.47 


43.8 


2.96 


3.9 


25.64 


8.9 


11.24 1 


13.9 


7.19 


18.9 


6.29J 


23.9 


4.18 


28.9 


3.46 


33.6 


2.95 


4. 


25.00 ! 


9. 


11.11 1 


14. 


7.14 


19. 


5.26i 


24. 


4.17 


29. 


3.45 


34. 


2.94 


4.1 


24.39 ! 


9.1 


10.99 j 


14.1 


7.09 


19.1 


5.24j 


24.1 


4.15 


29.1 


3.44 


34.1 


2.93 


4.2 


23.81 


9 2 


10.87 


14.2 


7.04 


19 2 


5.21 


24.2 


4.13 


29.2 


3.42 


34.2 


2.92 


4.3 


23.26 


9.3 


10.75 


14.3 


6.99 


19.3 


5.18 


24.3 


4.12 


29.3 


3.41 


34.3 


2.92 


4.4 


22.73 


9.4 


10.64 


14.4 


6.94 


19.4 


5.15 


24.4 


4.10 


29.4 


3.40 


34.4 


2.91 


4.5 


22.22 


9.5 


10.53 1 


14.5 


6.90 


19.5 


5.13 


24.5 


4.08 


S29.2 


3.39 


34.5 


2.90 


4.6 


21.74 


9.6 


10 42 


14.6 


6.85 


19.6 


5.10 


24.6 
24.7 


4.07 


|29.6 


3.38 


34.6 


2.89 


4.7 


21.28 


9.7 


10.31 1 


14.7 


6.80 


19.7 


5.08 


4.05 


129.7 


3.37 


34.7 


2.88 


4.8 


20.83 


9.8 


10.20 i 


14.8 


6.76 


19.8 


5.05 


24.8 


4.03 


|29.8 


3.36 


34.8 


2.87 


4.9 


20.41 


9.9 


10.10 i 


14.9 


6.71 


19.9 


5.03 


24.9 


4.02 


129.9 


3.34 


34.9 


2.87 


5. 


20.00 


10. 


10.00 1 


15. 


6.67 


!20. 


5.00 


'25. 14.00 


130. 


3.33 


35. 


2.86 


5.1 


19.61 


10.1 


9.90 1 


15.1 


6.62 


120.1 


4.98 


125.1 


3.98 


130.1 


3.32 


35.1 


2.85 


5.2 


19.23 


10.2 


9.80 { 


15.2 


6.58 


|20.2 


4.95 


25.2 


3.97 


130.2 


3.31 


35.2 


2.84 


5.3 


18.87 


110.3 


9.71 1 


15.3 


6.54 


i20.3 


4.93 


25.3 


3.95 


130.3 


3.30 


35.3 


2.83 


5.4 


18.52 


10.4 


9.62 ' 


'15.4 


6.49 


120.4 


4.90 


25.4 


3.94 


30.4 


3.29 


35.4 


2.82 


5.5 


18.18 


10.5 


9.52 1 


15.5 


6.45 


120.5 


4.88 


25.513.92 


130.5 


3.28 


35.5 


2.82 


5.6 


17.86 


10.6 


9.43' 


,15.6 


6.41 


J20.6 


4.85 


25.6 


3.91 


,30.6 


3.27 


35.6 


2.81 


5.7 i 17.54 


10.7 


9.35 1 


115.7 


6.37 


120.7 


4.83 


25.7 


3.89 


130.7' 3.26 


35.7 


2.80 


5.8 


17.24 


10.8 


9.26 


il5.8 


6.33 


|20.8 


4.81 


25.8 


3.88 


[30.8! 3.25 


35.8 


2.79 


5.9 


16.95 


10.9 


9.17 


115.9 


6.29 


20.9 


4.78 


25.9 


3.86 


30.9 


3.24 


35.9 


2.79 


6. 


16.67 


11. 


9.09 


il6. 


6.25 


21. 


4.76 


26. 


3.85 


31. 


3.23 


36. 


2.78 


6.1 


16.36 


11.1 


9.01 


116.1 


6.21 


21.1 


4.74 


26.1 


3.83 


31.1 


3.22 


36.1 


2.77 


6.2 


16.13 


11.2 


8.93 


16.2 


6.17 


21.2 


4.72 


26.2 


3.82 


31.2 


3.21 


36.2 


2.76 


6.3 


15.87 


11.3 


8.85 


16.3 


6.13 


21.3 


4.69 


26.3 


3.80 


31.3 


3.19 


36.3 


2.75 


6.4 


15.62 


11.4 


8.77 


16.4 


6.10 


121.4 


4.67 


26.4 


8.79 


31.4 


3.18 


36.4 


2.75 


6.5 


15.38 


11.5 


8.70 


16.5 


6.06 


|21.5 


4.65 


26.5 


3.77 


31.5 


3.17 


36.5 


2.74 


6.6 


15.15 


11.6 


8.62 


16.6 


6.02 


121.6 


4.63 


26.6 


3.76 


31.6 


3.16 


36.6 


2.73 


6.7 


14.93 


11.7 


8.55 


16.7 


5.99 


21.7 


4.61 


26.7 


3.75 


31.7 


3.15 


36.7 


2.72 


6.8 i 14.71 


11.8 


8.47 


16.8 


5.95 


21.8 


4.59 


26.8 


3.73 


31.8 


3.14 


36.8 


2.72 


6.9 1 14.49 


11.9 


8.40! 


16.9 


5.92 


21.9 


4.57 


126.9 


3.72 


31.9 


3.13 


36.9 


2.71 



This table used bj' permission of Draper Co., Hopedale, Mass. 



m 13 19C5 






RAY PRINTINQ CO. 



CHARLOTTE, N. C. 




to 
m 




-p 



